{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T11:05:41Z","timestamp":1789988741995,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The course of critically ill patients admitted to the intensive care unit very often may be complicated by viral infections. Latent viruses may reactivate in \u2018apparently\u2019 immunocompetent critically ill patients as consequence of inflammatory and immune dysregulation secondary to critical illness. Evidence suggests that reactivation correlates with worse clinical outcomes, including increased mortality. Highly sensitive molecular diagnostic techniques have enhanced the ability to detect viral pathogens, but still consensus definitions for reactivation and subsequently the discrimination between reactivation and overt infection in critically ill patients are lacking. Despite the progress in detecting viral pathogens, their role in clinical outcomes is obscured. Furthermore, the role of antiviral therapy, either prophylactically\/preemptively or as treatment after virus detection, has to be further investigated. The question of whether reactivation is the cause or a surrogate marker of underlying severity of illness has not yet been fully elucidated.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms14092090","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T10:25:43Z","timestamp":1789986343000},"page":"2090","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Viral Reactivation in Immunocompetent Critically Ill Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2453-5398","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Konstantinos","family":"Mantzarlis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 41500 Larissa, Greece"},{"name":"Department of Critical Care, University Hospital of Larissa, 41110 Larissa, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8814-0371","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asimina","family":"Valsamaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Critical Care, University Hospital of Larissa, 41110 Larissa, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Demosthenes","family":"Makris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 41500 Larissa, Greece"},{"name":"Department of Critical Care, University Hospital of Larissa, 41110 Larissa, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonios","family":"Katsounas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division for Infectious Diseases and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Knappschaft Kliniken University Hospital, Ruhr University, Bochum, 44892 Bochum, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-7730-6736","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiara","family":"Fanelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Surgery, and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy"},{"name":"Perioperative, Acute, Critical Care and Emergency Medicine Section, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5244-9585","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Slavica","family":"Kvolik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Faculty, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University, 31000 Osijek, Croatia"},{"name":"Osijek University Hospital, 31000 Osijek, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6265-5227","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hakan","family":"Erdem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, G\u00fclhane Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Ankara 06010, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4364-2612","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Despoina","family":"Koulenti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 41500 Larissa, Greece"},{"name":"King\u2019s College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London SE5 9RS, UK"},{"name":"Frazer Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4102, Australia"},{"name":"School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, 45500 Ioannina, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"on behalf of the ESGCIP","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Piralla, A., Rovida, F., Girello, A., Premoli, M., Mojoli, F., Belliato, M., Braschi, A., Iotti, G., Pariani, E., and Bubba, L. 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