{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:08:47Z","timestamp":1792789727691,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":194,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006407","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Henan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["242300421107"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["242300421107"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006407","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32373015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32373015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["32373015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32373015"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Youth Backbone Teachers Training Program of Henan Province","award":["2023GGJS049"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023GGJS049"]}]},{"name":"Outstanding Youth Science and Technology Talent Cultivation Fund of Henan University of Science and Technology","award":["2025HNKJDXYXQNCXRC11"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025HNKJDXYXQNCXRC11"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05d80kz58","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["2025HNKJDXYXQNCXRC11"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025HNKJDXYXQNCXRC11"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05d80kz58","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are key components of the innate immune system across a wide range of organisms. In addition to their direct antimicrobial activity, AMPs exert immunomodulatory effects that differ from those of conventional antibiotics. This review summarizes recent evidence on the roles of microbe-derived AMPs in regulating immune cell function, including neutrophil activation and NET formation, macrophage polarization, and lymphocyte proliferation and differentiation. It also examines their organ-specific roles, particularly in intestinal immunity through reinforcement of the intestinal barrier, maintenance of gut microbiota homeostasis, and promotion of sIgA secretion. Together, their direct antimicrobial and immunomodulatory activities support the therapeutic potential of microbe-derived AMPs against drug-resistant infections, cancer, and inflammatory conditions. We synthesize recent evidence on the modulation of innate and adaptive immunity by microbe-derived AMPs. This review provides an integrated framework for understanding how microbe-derived AMPs orchestrate immune defense across cellular, tissue, and systemic levels, with implications for therapeutic development against infectious, inflammatory, and neoplastic diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms14092093","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T10:25:43Z","timestamp":1789986343000},"page":"2093","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Microbe-Derived Antimicrobial Peptides: Immunomodulation and Gut Microbiota Homeostasis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Yanyan","family":"Jia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Functional Microbiology and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China"},{"name":"Luoyang Key Laboratory of Live Carrier Biomaterial and Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiahao","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Functional Microbiology and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China"},{"name":"Luoyang Key Laboratory of Live Carrier Biomaterial and Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ke","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guyue","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chengshui","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Functional Microbiology and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China"},{"name":"Luoyang Key Laboratory of Live Carrier Biomaterial and Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108570","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2025.108570","article-title":"Advances in antimicrobial peptides: From mechanistic insights to chemical modifications","volume":"81","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biotechnol. 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