{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T13:28:17Z","timestamp":1762867697303,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,24]],"date-time":"2019-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1548288000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HRD-0331537"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HRD-0331537"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009974","name":"California State University Bakersfield","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SRS-16"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SRS-16"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009974","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The incidence of coccidioidomycosis, also known as Valley Fever, is increasing in the Southwestern United States and Mexico. Despite considerable efforts, a vaccine to protect humans from this disease is not forthcoming. The aim of this project was to isolate and phylogenetically compare bacterial species that could serve as biocontrol candidates to suppress the growth of Coccidioides immitis, the causative agent of coccidioidomycosis, in eroded soils or in areas close to human settlements that are being developed. Soil erosion in Coccidioides endemic areas is leading to substantial emissions of fugitive dust that can contain arthroconidia of the pathogen and thus it is becoming a health hazard. Natural microbial antagonists to C. immitis, that are adapted to arid desert soils could be used for biocontrol attempts to suppress the growth of the pathogen in situ to reduce the risk for humans and animals of contracting coccidioidomycosis. Bacteria were isolated from soil samples obtained near Bakersfield, California. Subsequently, pairwise challenge assays with bacterial pure cultures were initially performed against Uncinocarpus reesii, a non-pathogenic relative of C. immitis on media plates. Bacterial isolates that exhibited strongly antifungal properties were then re-challenged against C. immitis. Strongly anti-C. immitis bacterial isolates related to Bacillus subtilis and Streptomyces spp. were isolated, and their antifungal spectrum was investigated using a selection of environmental fungi.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms7020031","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,24]],"date-time":"2019-01-24T11:12:48Z","timestamp":1548328368000},"page":"31","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Valley Fever on the Rise\u2014Searching for Microbial Antagonists to the Fungal Pathogen Coccidioides immitis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Antje","family":"Lauer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, California State University Bakersfield, 9001 Stockdale Highway, Bakersfield, CA 93311-1022, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4931-373X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joe Darryl","family":"Baal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, California State University Bakersfield, 9001 Stockdale Highway, Bakersfield, CA 93311-1022, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susan D.","family":"Mendes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, California State University Bakersfield, 9001 Stockdale Highway, Bakersfield, CA 93311-1022, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kayla Nicole","family":"Casimiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, California State University Bakersfield, 9001 Stockdale Highway, Bakersfield, CA 93311-1022, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alyce Kayes","family":"Passaglia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, California State University Bakersfield, 9001 Stockdale Highway, Bakersfield, CA 93311-1022, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alex Humberto","family":"Valenzuela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, California State University Bakersfield, 9001 Stockdale Highway, Bakersfield, CA 93311-1022, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gerry","family":"Guibert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Monterey County Health Department, 1270 Natividad, Salinas, CA 93906, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4558","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.071406098","article-title":"Biogeographic range expansion into South America by Coccidioides immitis mirrors New World patterns of human migration","volume":"98","author":"Fisher","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1080\/15572536.2003.11833250","article-title":"Molecular and phenotypic description of Coccidioides posadasii sp. nov., previously recognized as the non-California population of Coccidioides immitis","volume":"94","author":"Fisher","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mycologia"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu681","article-title":"Valley Fever: Finding new places for an old disease: Coccidioides immitis found in Washington State soil associated with recent human infection","volume":"60","author":"Litvintseva","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1935","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2111.141950","article-title":"Mycotic infections acquired outside areas of known endemicity, United States","volume":"11","author":"Benedict","year":"2015","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1002\/2017GH000095","article-title":"Coccidioidomycosis dynamics in relation to climate in the southwestern United States","volume":"2","author":"Gorris","year":"2018","journal-title":"GeoHealth"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Emmons, C.W. (1942). Isolation of Coccidioides from soil and rodents. Publ. Health Rep., 109\u2013111.","DOI":"10.2307\/4583988"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"del Roc\u00edo Reyes-Montes, M., P\u00e9rez-Huitr\u00f3n, M.A., Oca\u00f1a-Monroy, J.L., Fr\u00edas-De-Le\u00f3n, M.G., Mart\u00ednez-Herrera, E., Arenas, R., and Duarte-Escalante, E. (2016). The habitat of Coccidioides spp. and the role of animals as reservoirs and disseminators in nature. BMC Infect. Dis., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-016-1902-7"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"185","article-title":"Coccidioidomycosis: Epidemiology","volume":"5","author":"Brown","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1406.031","article-title":"Coccidioides niches and habitat parameters in the Southwestern United States","volume":"1111","author":"Fisher","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Center of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC Feature 24\/7 Saving Lives, Protecting People) (2017, July 16). Valley Fever: Awareness is Key, Available online: http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/Features\/ValleyFever\/."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Tabnak, F., Knutson, K., Cooksey, G., Nguyen, A., and Vugia, D. (2017, July 23). Epidemiologic Summary of Coccidioidomycosis in California, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdph.ca.gov\/Programs\/CID\/DCDC\/CDPH%20Document%20Library\/CocciEpiSummary2016.pdf."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6631a4","article-title":"Notes from the field: Increase in coccidioidomycosis\u2014California, 2016","volume":"66","author":"Nguyen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buckley, M. (2008, January 23\u201326). The Fungal Kingdom: Diverse and Essential Roles in Earth\u2019s Ecosystem. American Society for Microbiology (ASM). Proceedings of the ASM Conference Proceedings, Washington, DC, USA.","DOI":"10.1128\/aamcol.2nov.2007"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2403.170623","article-title":"Coccidioidomycosis Outbreaks, United States and Worldwide, 1940\u20132015","volume":"24","author":"Freedman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1590","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1910.130427","article-title":"Coccidioidomycosis-associated hospitalizations, California, USA, 2000\u20132011","volume":"19","author":"Sondermeyer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Galgiani, J. (2011). Geography, climate, dust, and disease: Epidemiology of Valley Fever (coccidioidomycosis) and ways it might be controlled. Fungal Diseases, a Threat to Humans, Animals, and Plant Health, National Academies Press. Workshop Summary."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.12631","article-title":"FungiScope\u2122\u2014Global Emerging Fungal Infection Registry","volume":"60","author":"Seidel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph8041150","article-title":"The public health impact of coccidioidomycosis in Arizona and California","volume":"8","author":"Hector","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Publ. Health"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"1","article-title":"Ecology of Coccidioides immitis","volume":"40","author":"Swatek","year":"1970","journal-title":"Mycopathol. Mycol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1128\/am.27.2.379-388.1974","article-title":"Soil Ecology of Coccidioides immitis at Amerindian Middens in California","volume":"27","author":"Lacy","year":"1974","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1097\/00000441-195602000-00005","article-title":"Coccidioides immitis in the soil of the Southern SanJoaquin Valley","volume":"231","author":"Egeberg","year":"1956","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.3852\/11-127","article-title":"Detection of Coccidioides immitis in Kern County, California, by multiplex PCR","volume":"104","author":"Lauer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mycologia"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1080\/00275514.1968.12018577","article-title":"Fungi isolated in culture from soils of the Sonoran Desert","volume":"60","author":"Ranzoni","year":"1968","journal-title":"Mycologia"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.2307\/2483474","article-title":"Some fungi isolated with Coccidioides immitis from soils of endemic areas in California","volume":"95","author":"Orr","year":"1968","journal-title":"Bull. Torrey Bot. Club."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.88.2.473-476.1964","article-title":"Effect of salinity and temperature on Coccidioides immitis and three antagonistic soil saprophytes","volume":"88","author":"Egeberg","year":"1964","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paul, E.A. (2014). Soil Microbiology, Ecology and Biochemistry, Academic Press.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-415955-6.00001-3"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02874-09","article-title":"Soil microbial community responses to multiple experimental climate change drivers","volume":"76","author":"Castro","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45691","DOI":"10.1038\/srep45691","article-title":"Autogenic succession and deterministic recovery following disturbance in soil bacterial communities","volume":"7","author":"Jurburg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13855","article-title":"Belowground biodiversity and ecosystem functioning","volume":"515","author":"Bardgett","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/0038-0717(82)90099-2","article-title":"Enzyme activity in soil: Location and a possible role in microbial ecology","volume":"14","author":"Burns","year":"1982","journal-title":"Soil Biol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kirchman, D.L. (2018). Processes in Microbial Ecology, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198789406.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1016\/j.femsre.2004.11.005","article-title":"Living in a fungal world: Impact of fungi on soil bacterial niche development","volume":"29","author":"Folman","year":"2005","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K\u00f6berl, M., M\u00fcller, H., Ramadan, E.M., and Berg, G. (2011). Desert farming benefits from microbial potential in arid soils and promotes diversity and plant health. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0024452"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.67.1.172-178.2001","article-title":"Analysis of bacterial communities in the rhizosphere of Chrysanthemum via Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis of PCR-amplified 16S rRNA as well as DNA fragments coding for 16S rRNA","volume":"67","author":"Duineveld","year":"2001","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1007\/s10295-004-0140-y","article-title":"Studies on the microbial populations of the rhizosphere of big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata)","volume":"31","author":"Basil","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"39","article-title":"Commercial biocontrol agents and their mechanism of action in the management of plant pathogens","volume":"1","author":"Junaid","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Mod. Plant Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"129","article-title":"Bacterial inhibition of fungal growth and pathogenicity","volume":"11","author":"Kerr","year":"1999","journal-title":"Microb. Ecol. Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5678","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2012.04.045","article-title":"The biology and chemistry of antifungal agents: A review","volume":"20","author":"Kathiravan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"1073","article-title":"Microbial antagonism at the root level is involved in the suppression of Fusarium wilt by the combination of non-pathogenic Fusarium oxysporum Fo47 and Pseudomonas putida WCS358","volume":"89","author":"Duijff","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biol. Control"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/S0038-0717(97)00100-4","article-title":"Anti-fungal properties of chitinolytic dune soil bacteria","volume":"30","author":"Gunnewiek","year":"1998","journal-title":"Soil Biol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.69.2.835-844.2003","article-title":"Microbial community composition affects soil fungistasis","volume":"69","author":"Verheggen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1129","article-title":"Biological control of soil-borne pathogens by fluorescent pseudomonads","volume":"3","author":"Haas","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6941.2009.00807.x","article-title":"Mechanisms that promote bacterial fitness in fungal-affected soil microhabitats","volume":"71","author":"Nazir","year":"2009","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.00020-11","article-title":"Bacterial-fungal interactions: Hyphens between agricultural, clinical, environmental, and food microbiologists","volume":"75","author":"Burlinson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-800259-9.00005-6","article-title":"The interactions of bacteria with fungi in soil: Emerging concepts","volume":"Volume 89","author":"Haq","year":"2014","journal-title":"Advances in Applied Microbiology"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2017.03.007","article-title":"Upscaling of fungal\u2013bacterial interactions: From the lab to the field","volume":"37","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Kemp, R. (1974). Soil Isolation and Molecular Identification of Coccidioides immitis. [Master\u2019s Thesis, California State College]."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02011852","article-title":"Phenotypical divergences between populations of soil bacteria isolated on different media","volume":"17","author":"Torsvik","year":"1989","journal-title":"Microbiol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"185","article-title":"\u00dcber die isolierte F\u00e4rbung der Schizomyceten in Schnitt- und Trockenpr\u00e4paraten","volume":"2","author":"Gram","year":"1884","journal-title":"Fortschritte der Medizin"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-140-6-1481","article-title":"Evidence for a phylogenetic connection between Coccidioides immitis and Uncinocarpus reesii (Onygenaceae)","volume":"140","author":"Pan","year":"1994","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharpton, T.J., Stajich, J.E., Rounsley, S.D., Gardner, M.J., Wortman, J.R., Jordar, V.S., Maiti, R., Kodira, C.D., Neafsey, D.E., and Zeng, Q. (2009). Comparative genomic analyses of the human fungal pathogens Coccidioides and their relatives. Genome Res.","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.087551.108"},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Kirkland, T.N. (2018). Identification and characterization of genes found in Coccidioides spp. but absent in nonpathogenic Onygenales. bioRxiv, 413906."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393-005-0009-1","article-title":"Amphibian pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis is inhibited by the cutaneous bacteria of amphibian species","volume":"3","author":"Harris","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ecohealth"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1628","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.13135","article-title":"Phylogenetic distribution of symbiotic bacteria from Panamanian amphibians that inhibit growth of the lethal fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis","volume":"24","author":"Becker","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carres.2011.12.017","article-title":"Preparation and characterization of dispersible chitosan particles with borate crosslinking and their antimicrobial and antifungal activity","volume":"349","author":"Saita","year":"2012","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Res."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3233","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.63.8.3233-3241.1997","article-title":"Analysis of actinomycete communities by specific amplification of genes encoding 16S rRNA and gel-electrophoretic separation in denaturing gradients","volume":"63","author":"Heuer","year":"1997","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7843","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/17.19.7843","article-title":"Isolation and direct complete nucleotide determination of entire genes. Characterization of a gene coding for 16S ribosomal RNA","volume":"17","author":"Edwards","year":"1989","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Goodfellow, M., and O\u2019Donnell, A.G. (1993). Nucleic acids and classification. Handbook of New Bacterial Systematics, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martin, K.J., and Rygiewicz, P.T. (2005). Fungal-specific PCR primers developed for analysis of the ITS region of environmental DNA extracts. BMC Microbiol., 5.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-5-28"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2731","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msr121","article-title":"MEGA5: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis using Maximum Likelihood, Evolutionary Distance, and Maximum Parsimony Methods","volume":"28","author":"Tamura","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"1","article-title":"Polyphasic taxonomy of Penicillium subgenus Penicillium. A guide to identification of food and air-borne terverticillate Penicillia and their mycotoxins","volume":"49","author":"Frisvad","year":"2004","journal-title":"Stud. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"406","article-title":"The neighbor-joining method: A new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees","volume":"4","author":"Saitou","year":"1987","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"366","article-title":"The number of replications needed for accurate estimation of the bootstrap P value in phylogenetic studies","volume":"9","author":"Hedges","year":"1992","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1870","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msw054","article-title":"MEGA7: Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 7.0 for bigger datasets","volume":"33","author":"Kumar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-8809(99)00028-6","article-title":"The ecological role of biodiversity in agroecosystems","volume":"74","author":"Altieri","year":"1999","journal-title":"Agric. Ecosyst. Environ."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1715","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2006.3530","article-title":"Sustainable pest regulation in agricultural landscapes: A review on landscape composition, biodiversity and natural pest control","volume":"273","author":"Bianchi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. B"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2007.2180","article-title":"Biotic interactions, ecological knowledge and agriculture","volume":"363","author":"Shennan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.87.3.500-503.1964","article-title":"Significance of soil salinity on the ecology of Coccidioides immitis","volume":"87","author":"Elconin","year":"1964","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"Ajello, L. (1967). Coccidiodes immitis in California. Coccidioidomycosis, Papers from the Second Symposium on Coccidioidimycosis, University of Arizona Press."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1071\/BI9710925","article-title":"Bacteria and actinomycetes antagonistic to fungal root pathogens in Australian soils","volume":"24","author":"Broadbent","year":"1971","journal-title":"Aust. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3899","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.59.11.3899-3905.1993","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of actinomycete antagonists of a fungal root pathogen","volume":"59","author":"Crawford","year":"1993","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejsobi.2008.06.005","article-title":"Diversity of 16S-rRNA and nifH genes derived from rhizosphere soil and roots of an endemic drought tolerant grass, Lasiurus sindicus","volume":"45","author":"Chowdhury","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Soil Biol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1643\/0045-8511(2007)2007[630:CCBFTE]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Common cutaneous bacteria from the eastern red-backed salamander can inhibit pathogenic fungi","volume":"1","author":"Lauer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Copeia"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcab.2018.06.024","article-title":"Isolation, identification and extraction of antimicrobial compounds produced by Streptomyces spp. from terrestrial soil","volume":"15","author":"Nandhini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biocatal. Agric. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.mi.39.100185.001541","article-title":"Measurements of in situ activities of nonphotosynthetic microorganisms in aquatic and terrestrial habitats","volume":"39","author":"Staley","year":"1985","journal-title":"Ann. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1020501420831","article-title":"Antibiotic production by bacterial biocontrol agents","volume":"81","author":"Raijmakers","year":"2002","journal-title":"Antonie van Leeuwenhoek"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.58.1.353-358.1992","article-title":"Isolation of 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol from a fluorescent pseudomonad and investigation of physiological parameters influencing its production","volume":"58","author":"Shanahan","year":"1992","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1094\/Phyto-82-178","article-title":"Influence of in situ and in vitro pH on suppression of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici by Pseudomonas fluorescens 2-79","volume":"82","author":"Ownley","year":"1992","journal-title":"Phytopathology"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2931","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.60.8.2931-2938.1994","article-title":"Cloning of a phenazine biosynthetic locus of Pseudomonas aureofaciens PGS12 and analysis of tis expression in vitro with the ice nucleation reporter gene","volume":"60","author":"Georgakopoulos","year":"1994","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2429","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.65.6.2429-2438.1999","article-title":"Environmental factors modulating antibiotic and siderophores biosynthesis by Pseudomonas flourescens biocontrol strains","volume":"65","author":"Duffy","year":"1999","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_81","first-page":"01361","article-title":"Chitin amendment raises the suppressiveness of soil towards plant pathogens and modulates the actinobacterial and oxalobacteriaceal communities in an experimental agricultural field","volume":"28","author":"Cretoiu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_82","unstructured":"(2018, October 20). California Department of Public Health, Occupational Health Branch, Preventing Work-Related Valley Fever (Coccidioidomycosis), Available online: https:\/\/www.cdph.ca.gov\/Programs\/CCDPHP\/DEODC\/OHB\/Pages\/Cocci.aspx."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1038\/nature15744","article-title":"Soil biodiversity and human health","volume":"528","author":"Wall","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118297674.ch65","article-title":"The effect of agricultural practices on resident soil microbial communities: Focus on biocontrol and biofertilization","volume":"2","author":"Bajsa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Microb. Ecol. Rhizosphere"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2101.140836","article-title":"Rates and Risk Factors for Coccidioidomycosis among Prison Inmates, California, USA, 2011","volume":"21","author":"Wheeler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4487","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.39.12.4487-4494.2001","article-title":"Genetic diversity of Histoplasma capsulatum strains isolated from soil, animals, and clinical specimens in Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil, by a PCR-based Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA assay","volume":"39","author":"Pizzini","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1080\/13693780600954749","article-title":"PCR-based detection of DNA from the human pathogen Blastomyces dermatidis in natural soil samples","volume":"44","author":"Burgess","year":"2006","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."}],"container-title":["Microorganisms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/7\/2\/31\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:28:30Z","timestamp":1760185710000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/7\/2\/31"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,24]]},"references-count":87,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2]]}},"alternative-id":["microorganisms7020031"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms7020031","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2607"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2076-2607"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,24]]}}}