{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:56:37Z","timestamp":1787028997452,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,23]],"date-time":"2019-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1550880000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002878","name":"Consejer\u00eda de Econom\u00eda, Innovaci\u00f3n, Ciencia y Empleo, Junta de Andaluc\u00eda","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AGR 6340"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AGR 6340"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002878","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007064","name":"Universidad de Ja\u00e9n","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PP2015\/08\/08"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PP2015\/08\/08"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007064","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) has been reported to have a distinct influence on gut microbiota in comparison to other fats, with its physiological benefits widely studied. However, a large proportion of the population consumes olive oil after a depurative process that not only mellows its taste, but also deprives it of polyphenols and other minority components. In this study, we compare the influence on the intestinal microbiota of a diet high in this refined olive oil (ROO) with other fat-enriched diets. Swiss Webster mice were fed standard or a high-fat diet enriched with EVOO, ROO, or butter (BT). Physiological parameters were also evaluated. At the end of the feeding period, DNA was extracted from feces and the 16S rRNA was pyrosequenced. The group fed ROO behaved differently to the EVOO group in half the families with statistically significant differences among the diets, with higher comparative levels in three families\u2014Desulfovibrionaceae, Spiroplasmataceae, and Helicobacteraceae\u2014correlating with total cholesterol. These results are again indicative of a link between specific diets, certain physiological parameters and the prevalence of some taxa, but also support the possibility that polyphenols and minor components of EVOO are involved in some of the proposed effects of this fat through the modulation of the intestinal microbiota<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms7020061","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,25]],"date-time":"2019-02-25T03:06:52Z","timestamp":1551064012000},"page":"61","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Refined versus Extra Virgin Olive Oil High-Fat Diet Impact on Intestinal Microbiota of Mice and Its Relation to Different Physiological Variables"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Nieves","family":"Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c1rea de Microbiolog\u00eda, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Ja\u00e9n, Paraje de Las Lagunillas s\/n, Ja\u00e9n 23072, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0624-9504","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabel","family":"Prieto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c1rea de Fisiolog\u00eda, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Ja\u00e9n, Paraje de Las Lagunillas s\/n, Ja\u00e9n 23072, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Hidalgo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c1rea de Microbiolog\u00eda, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Ja\u00e9n, Paraje de Las Lagunillas s\/n, Ja\u00e9n 23072, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9409-6052","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Bel\u00e9n","family":"Segarra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c1rea de Fisiolog\u00eda, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Ja\u00e9n, Paraje de Las Lagunillas s\/n, Ja\u00e9n 23072, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7609-5611","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana M.","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Estad\u00edstica e Investigaci\u00f3n Operativa, Universidad de Ja\u00e9n, Paraje de Las Lagunillas s\/n, Ja\u00e9n 23072, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Cobo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c1rea de Microbiolog\u00eda, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Ja\u00e9n, Paraje de Las Lagunillas s\/n, Ja\u00e9n 23072, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Ram\u00edrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c1rea de Fisiolog\u00eda, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Ja\u00e9n, Paraje de Las Lagunillas s\/n, Ja\u00e9n 23072, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"G\u00e1lvez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c1rea de Microbiolog\u00eda, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Ja\u00e9n, Paraje de Las Lagunillas s\/n, Ja\u00e9n 23072, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3241-0066","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Ca\u00f1amero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c1rea de Microbiolog\u00eda, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Ja\u00e9n, Paraje de Las Lagunillas s\/n, Ja\u00e9n 23072, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2004.02.006","article-title":"Dietary fat, insulin sensitivity and the metabolic syndrome","volume":"23","author":"Riccardi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09944","article-title":"Enterotypes of the human gut microbiome","volume":"12","author":"Arumugam","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1564","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2014.01.058","article-title":"Diet and the intestinal microbiome: Associations, functions, and implications for health and disease","volume":"146","author":"Albenberg","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2009.112","article-title":"Interactions between gut microbiota, host genetics and diet relevant to development of metabolic syndromes in mice","volume":"4","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"ISME J."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S176190","article-title":"Fecal microbiota transplant\u2014A new frontier in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"11","author":"Sunkara","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Inflamm. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plipres.2011.06.003","article-title":"Omega-3 fatty acids and metabolic syndrome: Effects and emerging mechanisms of action","volume":"50","author":"Poudyal","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prog. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, C.W., Chien, Y.S., Chen, Y.J., Ajuwon, K.M., Mersmann, H.M., and Ding, S.T. (2016). Role of n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Ameliorating the Obesity-Induced Metabolic Syndrome in Animal Models and Humans. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17101689"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2012.33","article-title":"The type and quantity of dietary fat and carbohydrate alter faecal microbiome and short-chain fatty acid excretion in a metabolic syndrome \u2018at-risk\u2019 population","volume":"37","author":"Fava","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1007\/s11745-010-3524-y","article-title":"Dietary monounsaturated fatty acids are protective against metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease risk factors","volume":"46","author":"Gillingham","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lipids"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-013-9264-6","article-title":"The major European dietary patterns and metabolic syndrome","volume":"14","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rev. Endocr. Metab. Disord."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2014.07.030","article-title":"Effect of virgin and refined olive oil consumption on gut microbiota. Comparison to butter","volume":"64","author":"Hidalgo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prieto, I., Hidalgo, M., Segarra, A.B., Mart\u00ednez-Rodr\u00edguez, A.M., Cobo, A., Ram\u00edrez, M., Abriouel, H., G\u00e1lvez, A., and Mart\u00ednez-Ca\u00f1amero, M. (2018). Influence of a diet enriched in virgin olive oil or butter on mouse gut microbiota and its correlation to physiological and biochemical parameters related to metabolic syndrome. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0190368"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4954","DOI":"10.1021\/jf0602267","article-title":"Comparison of the concentrations of phenolic compounds in olive oils and other plant oils: Correlation with antimicrobial activity","volume":"54","author":"Medina","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grossi, C., Rigacci, S., Ambrosini, S., Dami, T.E., Luccarini, I., Traini, C., Failli, P., Berti, A., Casamenti, F., and Stefani, M. (2013). The polyphenol oleuropein aglycone protects TgCRND8 mice against A\u00df plaque pathology. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0071702"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2014-307142","article-title":"A polyphenol-rich cranberry extract protects from diet-induced obesity, insulin resistance and intestinal inflammation in association with increased Akkermansia spp. population in the gut microbiota of mice","volume":"64","author":"Roy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2847","DOI":"10.2337\/db14-1916","article-title":"Dietary Polyphenols Promote Growth of the Gut Bacterium Akkermansia muciniphila and Attenuate High-Fat Diet-Induced Metabolic Syndrome","volume":"64","author":"Roopchand","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114599001099","article-title":"Olive oil- and fish oil-enriched diets modify plasma lipids and susceptibility of LDL to oxidative modification in free-living male patients with peripheral vascular disease: The Spanish Nutrition Study","volume":"82","author":"Suarez","year":"1999","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gorzynik-Debicka, M., Przychodzen, P., Cappello, F., Kuban-Jankowska, A., Marino Gammazza, A., Knap, N., Wozniak, M., and Gorska-Ponikowska, M. (2018). Potential health benefits of olive oil and plant polyphenols. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19030686"},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Ministerio de Agricultura y Pesca, Alimentaci\u00f3n y Medio Ambiente (2017). Informe del Consumo de Alimentaci\u00f3n en Espa\u00f1a 2016."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1177\/1082013214543806","article-title":"Cross-cultural perception of six commercial olive oils: A study with Spanish and US consumers","volume":"21","author":"Adhikari","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Sci. Technol. Int."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2006.01963.x","article-title":"Extra-virgin vs. refined olive oil on postprandial hemostatic markers in healthy subjects","volume":"4","author":"Pacheco","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2008.10.011","article-title":"Asymmetrical response of aminopeptidase A and nitric oxide in plasma of normotensive and hypertensive rats with experimental hemiparkinsonism","volume":"56","author":"Banegas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1046800","article-title":"Dietary fat influences testosterone, cholesterol, aminopeptidase A, and blood pressure in male rats","volume":"40","author":"Segarra","year":"2008","journal-title":"Horm. Metab. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2004.047084","article-title":"Multiplexed analysis of biomarkers related to obesity and the metabolic syndrome in human plasma, using the Luminex-100 system","volume":"51","author":"Liu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.2174\/1871530317666171114121533","article-title":"Extra virgin olive oil and cardiovascular diseases: Benefits for human health","volume":"18","author":"Nocella","year":"2018","journal-title":"Endocr. Metab. Immune Disord. Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11130-017-0650-1","article-title":"Changes in Gut Microbiota Linked to a Reduction in Systolic Blood Pressure in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats Fed an Extra Virgin Olive Oil-Enriched Diet","volume":"73","author":"Hidalgo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Plant Foods Hum. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1206025","article-title":"Predicting a human gut microbiota\u2019s response to diet in gnotobiotic mice","volume":"333","author":"Faith","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1312524110","article-title":"Metabolic niche of a prominent sulfate-reducing human gut bacterium","volume":"110","author":"Rey","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1159\/000371687","article-title":"Interactions between Diet, Bile Acid Metabolism, Gut Microbiota, and Inflammatory Bowel Diseases","volume":"33","author":"Devkota","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Dig. Dis."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.125.3.946-954.1976","article-title":"Lipid composition and lipid metabolism of Spiroplasma citri","volume":"125","author":"Freeman","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"365","article-title":"Spiroplasma culicicola sp. nov. from the Salt Marsh Mosquito Aedes sollicitanst","volume":"37","author":"Shirley","year":"1987","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"133","article-title":"Histopathology and polyphenol content in plants infected by phytoplasmas","volume":"102","author":"Musetti","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cytobios"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4892","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.48.12.4892-4894.2004","article-title":"Antimycoplasmal activity of hydroxytyrosol","volume":"48","author":"Furneri","year":"2004","journal-title":"Anticancer Agents Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-5378.2005.00292.x","article-title":"A novel enterohepatic Helicobacter species \u2018Helicobacter mastomyrinus\u2019 isolated from the liver and intestine of rodents","volume":"10","author":"Shen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Helicobacter"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1716","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.08.042","article-title":"High-fat diet determines the composition of the murine gut microbiome independently of obesity","volume":"137","author":"Hildebrandt","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1761","DOI":"10.2337\/db06-1491","article-title":"Metabolic endotoxemia initiates obesity and insulin resistance","volume":"56","author":"Cani","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetes"}],"container-title":["Microorganisms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/7\/2\/61\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:34:19Z","timestamp":1760186059000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/7\/2\/61"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,23]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2]]}},"alternative-id":["microorganisms7020061"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms7020061","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2607"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2607","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,23]]}}}