{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T06:10:16Z","timestamp":1790230216697,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,4]],"date-time":"2019-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1559606400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Moraxella is an ocular bacterial pathogen isolated in cases of keratitis, conjunctivitis, and endophthalmitis. Gram-negative brick-shaped diplobacilli from ocular specimens, and slow growth in culture, are early indications of Moraxella ocular infection; however, identifying Moraxella to species can be complex and inconsistent. In this study, bacteria consistent with Moraxella were identified to species using: (1) DNA sequencing coupled with vancomycin susceptibility, (2) MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, and (3) the Biolog ID system. Study samples consisted of nine ATCC Moraxella controls, 82 isolates from keratitis, 21 isolates from conjunctivitis, and 4 isolates from endophthalmitis. The ATCC controls were correctly identified. For keratitis, 66 (80.5%) were identified as M. nonliquefaciens, 7 (9.0%) as M. lacunata, 5 (6%) as M. osloensis, 2 (2.5%) as Acinetobacter lwoffii, 1 (1.0%) as M. bovis\/nonliquefaciens, and 1 (1.0%) as M. osloensis\/nonliquefaciens. For conjunctivitis, 9 (43.0%) were identified as M. osloensis, 6 (29.0%) as M. nonliquefaciens, 3 (14.3%) as Roseomonas, 2 (9.5%) as Acinetobacter (parvus, junii), and 1 (4.5%) as M. catarrhalis\/nonliquefaciens. From endophthalmitis, 3 of 4 of the isolates were M. nonliquefaciens. Overall, M. nonliquefaciens and M. osloensis were identified in 70% (75 of 107) and 13% (14 of 107) of cases, respectively, totaling 83% (89 of 107). M. nonliquefaciens and M. osloensis are important bacterial pathogens of the eye as determined by DNA sequencing, MALDI-TOF MS, and Biolog. Although Moraxella catarrhalis is a clinical pathogen, other species of Moraxella appear to have a prominent role in eye infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms7060163","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,5]],"date-time":"2019-06-05T09:37:58Z","timestamp":1559727478000},"page":"163","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["Moraxella nonliquefaciens and M. osloensis Are Important Moraxella Species That Cause Ocular Infections"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Samantha J.","family":"LaCroce","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mollie N.","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Laboratory\u2015Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 16148, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John E.","family":"Romanowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Charles T. Campbell Ophthalmic Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0495-4840","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeffrey D.","family":"Newman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Lycoming College, Williamsport, PA 17701, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vishal","family":"Jhanji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Charles T. Campbell Ophthalmic Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7699-5396","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert M. Q.","family":"Shanks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Charles T. Campbell Ophthalmic Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8558-0782","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Regis P.","family":"Kowalski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Charles T. Campbell Ophthalmic Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"337","article-title":"Note sur un diplobacille pathog\u00e9ne pour la conjunctivite humaine","volume":"10","author":"Morax","year":"1896","journal-title":"Ann. Inst. 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