{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]],"date-time":"2026-01-18T04:44:50Z","timestamp":1768711490458,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,3]],"date-time":"2019-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1567468800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008394","name":"Natur og Univers, Det Frie Forskningsr\u00e5d","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DFF \u2013 1323-00177"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DFF \u2013 1323-00177"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008394","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Tandl\u00e6gefonden","award":["11\/1596"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11\/1596"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Screening of a Streptococcus mutans mutant library indicated that pgmA mutants displayed a reduced biofilm-associated tolerance toward gentamicin. The biofilms formed by the S. mutans pgmA mutant also displayed decreased tolerance towards linezolid and vancomycin compared to wild-type biofilms. On the contrary, the resistance of planktonic S. mutans pgmA cells to gentamycin, linezolid, and vancomycin was more similar to wild-type levels. Investigations of biofilms grown in microtiter trays and on submerged glass slides showed that pgmA mutants formed roughly the same amount of biofilm as the wild type, indicating that the reduced antimicrobial tolerance of these mutants is not due to diminished biofilm formation. The pgmA gene product is known to be involved in the synthesis of precursors for cell wall components such as teichoic acids and membrane glycolipids. Accordingly, the S. mutans pgmA mutant showed increased sensitivity to Congo Red, indicating that it has impaired cell wall integrity. A changed cell wall composition of the S. mutans pgmA mutant may play a role in the increased sensitivity of S. mutans pgmA biofilms toward antibiotics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms7090310","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,3]],"date-time":"2019-09-03T03:06:14Z","timestamp":1567479974000},"page":"310","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Inactivation of the pgmA Gene in Streptococcus mutans Significantly Decreases Biofilm-Associated Antimicrobial Tolerance"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6251-9842","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Nilsson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Costerton Biofilm Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Givskov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Costerton Biofilm Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0199-9210","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Svante","family":"Twetman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Odontology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tim","family":"Tolker-Nielsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Costerton Biofilm Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1159\/000159604","article-title":"Caries ecology revisited: Microbial dynamics and the caries process","volume":"42","author":"Takahashi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Caries Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-013-1993-7","article-title":"The virulence of Streptococcus mutans and the ability to form biofilms","volume":"33","author":"Krzysciak","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. 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