{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T08:50:15Z","timestamp":1771491015810,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":228,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,17]],"date-time":"2019-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1568678400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000053","name":"National Eye Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EY02605902"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EY02605902"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000053","name":"National Eye Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30EY004068"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30EY004068"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001818","name":"Research to Prevent Blindness","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["an unrestricted RPB grant to the Department of Ophthalmology, Kresge Eye Institute."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["an unrestricted RPB grant to the Department of Ophthalmology, Kresge Eye Institute."]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001818","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, non-coding, regulatory RNA molecules and constitute a newly recognized, important layer of gene-expression regulation at post-transcriptional levels. miRNAs quantitatively fine tune the expression of their downstream genes in a cell type- and developmental stage-specific fashion. miRNAs have been proven to play important roles in the normal development and function as well as in the pathogenesis of diseases in all tissues and organ systems. miRNAs have emerged as new therapeutic targets and biomarkers for treatment and diagnosis of various diseases. Although miRNA research in ocular infection remains in its early stages, a handful of pioneering studies have provided insight into the roles of miRNAs in the pathogenesis of parasitic, fungal, bacterial, and viral ocular infections. Here, we review the current status of research in miRNAs in several major ocular infectious diseases. We predict that the field of miRNAs in ocular infection will greatly expand with the discovery of novel miRNA-involved molecular mechanisms that will inform development of new therapies and identify novel diagnostic biomarkers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms7090359","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,17]],"date-time":"2019-09-17T04:23:36Z","timestamp":1568694216000},"page":"359","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["MicroRNAs in Ocular Infection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6140-0943","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shunbin","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University, School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Linda D.","family":"Hazlett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University, School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(04)00045-5","article-title":"MicroRNAs: Genomics, biogenesis, mechanism, and function","volume":"116","author":"Bartel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/96.2.435","article-title":"Isolation and genetic characterization of cell-lineage mutants of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans","volume":"96","author":"Horvitz","year":"1980","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1038\/326259a0","article-title":"A genetic pathway for the specification of the vulval cell lineages of Caenorhabditis elegans","volume":"326","author":"Ferguson","year":"1987","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.03.006","article-title":"Metazoan MicroRNAs","volume":"173","author":"Bartel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D155","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gky1141","article-title":"miRBase: From microRNA sequences to function","volume":"47","author":"Kozomara","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2008.11.003","article-title":"microRNA expression in the eyes and their significance in relation to functions","volume":"28","author":"Xu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4051","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.emboj.7600385","article-title":"MicroRNA genes are transcribed by RNA polymerase II","volume":"23","author":"Lee","year":"2004","journal-title":"Embo J."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4663","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/cdf476","article-title":"MicroRNA maturation: Stepwise processing and subcellular localization","volume":"21","author":"Lee","year":"2002","journal-title":"Embo J."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9779","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1630797100","article-title":"MicroRNAs and small interfering RNAs can inhibit mRNA expression by similar mechanisms","volume":"100","author":"Zeng","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc. 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