{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T12:14:55Z","timestamp":1776082495495,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,19]],"date-time":"2019-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1568851200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100015763","name":"University of Szeged, Hungary","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GINOP\u20102.3.2\u201015\u20102016\u201000012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GINOP\u20102.3.2\u201015\u20102016\u201000012"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100015763","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003825","name":"Hungarian Academy of Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["J\u00e1nos Bolyai Research Scholarship"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["J\u00e1nos Bolyai Research Scholarship"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003825","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ministry of Human Capacities of Hungary","award":["\u00daNKP\u201018\u20103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["\u00daNKP\u201018\u20103"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004895","name":"European Social Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EFOP-3.6.3-VEKOP-16-2017-00005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EFOP-3.6.3-VEKOP-16-2017-00005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004895","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Urogenital tract infection caused by obligate intracellular bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis D (CtrD) is a leading cause of sexually transmitted diseases. Essential oil (EO) of Nigella sativa has a broad antimicrobial spectrum. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of the bioactive compounds (p-cymene, thymoquinone, carvacrol, and thymol) of N. sativa EO against CtrD. The cytotoxic effects of the compounds were determined by MTT assay. In order to quantify the anti-chlamydial activity of the compounds, HeLa cells were infected with CtrD or CtrD treated previously with the compounds. The titer of the infectious CtrD was determined by indirect immunofluorescence assay. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of the compounds were evaluated by direct quantitative PCR. None of the compounds showed a cytotoxic effect on HeLa cells in the concentrations tested. According to the immunofluorescence assay, all of the compounds significantly inhibited the growth of CtrD. The quantitative PCR revealed that the minimum concentration that exerted anti-chlamydial activity was 3.12 \u00b5M in the case of thymoquinone and p-cymene, while that of carvacrol and thymol was 6.25 \u00b5M. Therefore, it can be concluded that bioactive compounds of N. sativa EO could be used as effective antimicrobial agents against CtrD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms7090370","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,19]],"date-time":"2019-09-19T11:02:01Z","timestamp":1568890921000},"page":"370","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Bioactive Compounds of Nigella Sativa Essential Oil as Antibacterial Agents against Chlamydia Trachomatis D"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"T\u00edmea","family":"Mosolyg\u00f3","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahmad","family":"Mouwakeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Food Science, Szent Istv\u00e1n University, 1118 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Munira","family":"Hussein Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1591-1419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annam\u00e1ria","family":"Kincses","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7950-4460","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Csilla","family":"Moh\u00e1csi-Farkas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Food Science, Szent Istv\u00e1n University, 1118 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3344-5308","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriella","family":"Kisk\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Food Science, Szent Istv\u00e1n University, 1118 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4499-388X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriella","family":"Spengler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4","DOI":"10.1017\/gheg.2017.4","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance in human populations: Challenges and opportunities","volume":"2","author":"Allcock","year":"2017","journal-title":"Glob. 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