{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T20:09:16Z","timestamp":1775160556592,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,8]],"date-time":"2019-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1570492800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Environmental factors such as bacterial infections may play an important role in the development of autoimmune diseases. Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is an obligate pathogen of ruminants able to use the host\u2019s cholesterol for survival into macrophages and has been associated with multiple sclerosis (MS), type 1 diabetes (T1DM) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) through a molecular mimicry mechanism. Here, we aimed at investigating the correlation between humoral reactivity against MAP and serum lipoprotein levels in subjects at T1DM risk (rT1DM) grouped by geographical background and in patients affected by MS or RA. Our results showed significant differences in HDL, LDL\/VLDL and Total Cholesterol (TC) levels between patients and healthy controls (p &lt; 0.0001). Patients positive to anti-MAP Abs (MAP+) had lower HDL levels in comparison with Abs negative (MAP-) subjects, while opposite trends were found for LDL\/VLDL concentrations (p &lt; 0.05). TC levels varied between MAP+ and MAP- patients in all three assessed diseases. These findings suggest the implication of anti-MAP Abs in fluctuations of lipoprotein levels highlighting a possible link with cardiovascular disease. Further studies will be needed to confirm these results in larger groups.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms7100423","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,9]],"date-time":"2019-10-09T03:14:33Z","timestamp":1570590873000},"page":"423","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Association between Lipoprotein Levels and Humoral Reactivity to Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in Multiple Sclerosis, Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus and Rheumatoid Arthritis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Marco","family":"Bo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Microbiology and Virology, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43b, 07100 Sassari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giannina","family":"Arru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical, Surgical and Experimental Medicine, Neurological Clinic, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 8, 07100 Sassari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Magdalena","family":"Niegowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Microbiology and Virology, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43b, 07100 Sassari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6818-7666","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gian Luca","family":"Erre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Sassari, UOC di Reumatologia, Viale San Pietro 8, 07100 Sassari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Piera Angela","family":"Manchia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Trasfusionale, AOU Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0566-2049","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonardo A.","family":"Sechi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Microbiology and Virology, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43b, 07100 Sassari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-015-0185-0","article-title":"The within host dynamics of Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis infection in cattle: Where time and place matter","volume":"46","author":"Koets","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. 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