{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T22:43:09Z","timestamp":1783550589752,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,11]],"date-time":"2019-10-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1570752000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001826","name":"ZonMw","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["50-53000-98-103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["50-53000-98-103"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001826","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002999","name":"Ministerie van Volksgezondheid, Welzijn en Sport","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002999","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The asymptomatic course of Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) infections can result in underestimated CT lifetime prevalence. Antibody testing might improve this estimate. We assessed CT antibody positivity and predictive factors thereof in the Netherlands Chlamydia Cohort Study. Women who had \u22651 CT Nucleic Acid Amplification Test (NAAT) in the study (2008\u20132011) and who provided self-reported information on NAATs were tested for CT major outer membrane protein specific IgG in serum (2016). CT antibody positivity was assessed and predictive factors were identified using multivariable logistic regressions, separately for CT-positive women (\u22651 positive NAAT or \u22651 self-reported positive CT test) and CT-negative women (negative by study NAAT and self-report). Of the 3,613 women studied, 833 (23.1%) were CT -positive. Among the CT-negative women, 208 (7.5%, 95% CI 6.5\u20138.5) tested positive for CT antibodies. This increased CT lifetime prevalence with 5.8% (95% CI 5.0\u20136.5). Among women with a CT-positive history, 338 (40.6%, 95% CI 38.5\u201344.1) tested positive. Predictive factors for antibody positivity related to lower social economic status, sexual risk behavior, multiple infections, higher body mass index, and non-smoking. CT antibody testing significantly increased the lifetime prevalence. Combining NAAT outcomes, self-reported positive tests, and antibody testing reduced misclassification in CT prevalence estimates.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms7100442","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,11]],"date-time":"2019-10-11T10:53:03Z","timestamp":1570791183000},"page":"442","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Antibody Testing in Estimating Past Exposure to Chlamydia trachomatis in The Netherlands Chlamydia Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0146-6198","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bernice M.","family":"Hoenderboom","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Department Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Location VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centre (UMC), De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3716-3842","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michelle E.","family":"van Willige","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jolande A.","family":"Land","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Public Health Genomics (IPHG), Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Research School GROW (School for Oncology &amp; Developmental Biology), Faculty of Health, Medicine &amp; Life Sciences, University of Maastricht, Universiteitssingel 40, 6229 ET Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jolein","family":"Pleijster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Department Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Location VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centre (UMC), De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannelore M.","family":"G\u00f6tz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department Infectious Disease Control, Municipal Public Health Service Rotterdam-Rijnmond (GGD Rotterdam), Schiedamsedijk 95, 3011 EN Rotterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC\u2014University Medical Center Rotterdam, Doctor Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan E. A. M.","family":"van Bergen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of General Practice, Division Clinical Methods and Public Health, location Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centre (UMC), Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"STI AIDS Netherlands (SOA AIDS Nederland), Keizersgracht 392, 1016 GB Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole H. T. M.","family":"Dukers-Muijrers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sexual Health, Infectious Diseases and Environmental Health, South Limburg Public Health Service (GGD South Limburg), Het Overloon 2, 6411 TE Heerlen, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Maastricht University Medical Centre (MUMC+), P. Debyelaan 25, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1815-0974","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian J. P. A.","family":"Hoebe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sexual Health, Infectious Diseases and Environmental Health, South Limburg Public Health Service (GGD South Limburg), Het Overloon 2, 6411 TE Heerlen, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Maastricht University Medical Centre (MUMC+), P. Debyelaan 25, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2583-2992","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Birgit H. B.","family":"van Benthem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Servaas A.","family":"Morr\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Department Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Location VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centre (UMC), De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Institute for Public Health Genomics (IPHG), Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Research School GROW (School for Oncology &amp; Developmental Biology), Faculty of Health, Medicine &amp; Life Sciences, University of Maastricht, Universiteitssingel 40, 6229 ET Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e399","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30159-2","article-title":"Advancing the Public Health Applications of Chlamydia Trachomatis Serology","volume":"18","author":"Woodhall","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. 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