{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T11:38:43Z","timestamp":1787744323049,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":111,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,17]],"date-time":"2019-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1571270400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Increasingly, Johne\u2019s disease of ruminants and human Crohn\u2019s disease are regarded as the same infectious disease: paratuberculosis. Mycobacterium avium ss. paratuberculosis (MAP) is the cause of Johne\u2019s and is the most commonly linked infectious cause of Crohn\u2019s disease. Humans are broadly exposed to MAP in dairy products and in the environment. MAP has been found within granulomas such as Crohn\u2019s disease and can stimulate autoantibodies in diseases such as type 1 diabetes (T1D) and Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis. Moreover, beyond Crohn\u2019s and T1D, MAP is increasingly associated with a host of autoimmune diseases. This article suggests near equivalency between paucibacillary Johne\u2019s disease of ruminant animals and human Crohn\u2019s disease and implicates MAP zoonosis beyond Crohn\u2019s disease to include T1D.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms7100466","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,17]],"date-time":"2019-10-17T11:07:59Z","timestamp":1571310479000},"page":"466","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Cows Get Crohn\u2019s Disease and They\u2019re Giving Us Diabetes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Coad Thomas","family":"Dow","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin, 9431 WIMR, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0566-2049","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonardo A","family":"Sechi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43b, 07100 Sassari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.14.52","article-title":"\u2018Global warming\u2019 to Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis","volume":"9","author":"Agrawal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Future Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2015.00096","article-title":"Mycobacterium avium ss. paratuberculosis Zoonosis\u2013The Hundred Year War\u2013Beyond Crohn\u2019s Disease","volume":"6","author":"Sechi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. 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