{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T21:22:11Z","timestamp":1783545731931,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,16]],"date-time":"2019-11-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1573862400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006029","name":"United States Golf Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018-11-661"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018-11-661"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006029","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Rutgers Center for Turfgrass Science","award":["2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019"]}]},{"name":"USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture Hatch","award":["1007068"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1007068"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Many cool-season grasses have symbiotic relationships with Epichlo\u00eb (Ascomycota, Clavicipitaceae) fungal endophytes that inhabit the intercellular spaces of the above-ground parts of the host plants. The presence of the Epichlo\u00eb endophytes is generally beneficial to the hosts due to enhanced tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses conferred by the endophytes. Many Epichlo\u00eb spp. are asexual, and those infections always remain asymptomatic. However, some Epichlo\u00eb spp. have a sexual stage and produce a macroscopic fruiting body, a stroma, that envelops the developing inflorescence causing a syndrome termed \u201cchoke disease\u201d. Here, we report a fungal and plant gene expression analysis of choke stroma tissue and asymptomatic inflorescence tissue of Epichlo\u00eb festucae-infected strong creeping red fescue (Festuca rubra subsp. rubra). Hundreds of fungal genes and over 10% of the plant genes were differentially expressed when comparing the two tissue types. The differentially expressed fungal genes in the choke stroma tissue indicated a change in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, as well as a change in expression of numerous genes for candidate effector proteins. Plant stress-related genes were up-regulated in the stroma tissue, suggesting the plant host was responding to the epiphytic stage of E. festucae as a pathogen.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms7110567","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,18]],"date-time":"2019-11-18T04:31:10Z","timestamp":1574051470000},"page":"567","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Transcriptome Analysis of Choke Stroma and Asymptomatic Inflorescence Tissues Reveals Changes in Gene Expression in Both Epichlo\u00eb festucae and Its Host Plant Festuca rubra subsp. rubra"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8071-6919","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruying","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruce B.","family":"Clarke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8725-0824","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Faith C.","family":"Belanger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deising, H.B. 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