{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T21:06:49Z","timestamp":1781730409324,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":211,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,19]],"date-time":"2019-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1574121600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Surfactants are a broad category of tensio-active biomolecules with multifunctional properties applications in diverse industrial sectors and processes. Surfactants are produced synthetically and biologically. The biologically derived surfactants (biosurfactants) are produced from microorganisms, with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis Candida albicans, and Acinetobacter calcoaceticus as dominant species. Rhamnolipids, sophorolipids, mannosylerithritol lipids, surfactin, and emulsan are well known in terms of their biotechnological applications. Biosurfactants can compete with synthetic surfactants in terms of performance, with established advantages over synthetic ones, including eco-friendliness, biodegradability, low toxicity, and stability over a wide variability of environmental factors. However, at present, synthetic surfactants are a preferred option in different industrial applications because of their availability in commercial quantities, unlike biosurfactants. The usage of synthetic surfactants introduces new species of recalcitrant pollutants into the environment and leads to undesired results when a wrong selection of surfactants is made. Substituting synthetic surfactants with biosurfactants resolves these drawbacks, thus interest has been intensified in biosurfactant applications in a wide range of industries hitherto considered as experimental fields. This review, therefore, intends to offer an overview of diverse applications in which biosurfactants have been found to be useful, with emphases on petroleum biotechnology, environmental remediation, and the agriculture sector. The application of biosurfactants in these settings would lead to industrial growth and environmental sustainability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms7110581","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,19]],"date-time":"2019-11-19T11:30:17Z","timestamp":1574163017000},"page":"581","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":213,"title":["Microbial Surfactants: The Next Generation Multifunctional Biomolecules for Applications in the Petroleum Industry and Its Associated Environmental Remediation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3017-6579","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emmanuel O.","family":"Fenibo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"World Bank Africa Centre of Excellence, Centre for Oilfield Chemical Research, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt 500272, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grace N.","family":"Ijoma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for the Development of Energy for African Sustainability, University of South Africa, Roodepoort 1709, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7104-3599","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ramganesh","family":"Selvarajan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Science, University of South Africa, Florida Campus, Rooderpoort 1709, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chioma B.","family":"Chikere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt 500272, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4814","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms16034814","article-title":"Chemical structure, property and potential applications of biosurfactants produced by Bacillus subtilis in petroleum recovery and spill mitigation","volume":"16","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Biosurfactants: Classification, properties and environmental applications","volume":"11","author":"Sobrinho","year":"2013","journal-title":"Recent Dev. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crci.2004.04.002","article-title":"From renewable vegetables resources to microorganisms: New trends in surfactants","volume":"7","author":"Deleu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Comptes. Rendus. Chimie."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1080\/10826068.2012.747966","article-title":"Response surface optimization of biosurfactant produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa MA01 isolated from spoiled apples","volume":"43","author":"Abbasi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prep. Biochem. Biotech."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"70","article-title":"Production of bioemulsifier by Acinetobacter species isolated from healthy human skin","volume":"48","author":"Jagtap","year":"2010","journal-title":"Indian J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4172\/2157-7463.1000160","article-title":"Biosurfactants from fungi: A review","volume":"4","author":"Bhardwaj","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Pet. Environ. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-006-0672-3","article-title":"Physiological differences in the formation of the glycolipid biosurfactants, mannosylerythritol lipids, between Pseudozyma antarctica and Pseudozyma aphidis","volume":"74","author":"Morita","year":"2007","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1590\/S1517-838246420140462","article-title":"Response of Rhodococcus erythropolis strain IBBPo1 to toxic organic solvents","volume":"46","author":"Stancu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Braz. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms12010633","article-title":"Environmental applications of biosurfactants: Recent advances","volume":"12","author":"Cameotra","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"736","article-title":"Biosurfactants: Properties, commercial production and application","volume":"94","author":"Muthusamy","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1522","DOI":"10.1080\/10643389.2014.955631","article-title":"Biosurfactant producing microbes and their potential applications: A review","volume":"45","author":"Shekhar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marques, E.F., and Silva, B.F.B. (2013). Surfactants, Phase Behavior. Encyclopedia of Colloid and Interface Science, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-20665-8_170"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.37622\/IJAC\/13.3.2017.663-672","article-title":"Concise review on surfactants and its significance","volume":"13","author":"Dave","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"31","article-title":"The influence of type of surfactant on physicochemical properties of liquid soap","volume":"8","author":"Bratovcic","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Mat. Chem."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"41","article-title":"Health care applications of different biosurfactants: Review","volume":"6","author":"Sil","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Sci. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biori.2018.09.001","article-title":"Biosurfactants\u2014a new frontier for social and environmental safety: A mini review","volume":"2","author":"Akbari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Res. Innov."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Johansson, I., and Somasundaran, P. (2002). Surfactant action on skin and hair: Cleansing and skin reactivity mechanisms. Handbook for Cleaning\/Decontamination of Surfaces, Elsevier. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crcon.2018.07.006","article-title":"Synthetic and lignin based surfactants: Challenges and opportunities","volume":"1","author":"Alwadani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Carbon Resour. Convers."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3139\/113.110405","article-title":"An overview of novel surfactants for formulation of cosmetics with certain emphasis on acidic active substances","volume":"53","author":"Lukic","year":"2016","journal-title":"Tenside Surfact Det."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1007\/s11274-018-2472-1","article-title":"The antimicrobial and antiadhesion activities of micellar solutions of surfactin, CTAB and CPCl with terpinen-4-ol: Applications to control oral pathogens","volume":"34","author":"Bucci","year":"2018","journal-title":"World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"386","article-title":"Comparison of the pharmaceutical activities of sophorolipids and nano-hydroxyapatite sophorolipids on cervical cancer cells","volume":"3","author":"Yuewen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chin. J. Appl. Environ. Biol."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"36","article-title":"Immunomodulator activity of biosurfactant extract from Serratia marcescens","volume":"7","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Microbiol. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"614","article-title":"In vitro selective growth inhibition of breast adenocarcinoma cell lines by Pseudomonas sp. UW4 metabolites","volume":"74","author":"Pasiar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Tehran. Niv. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkl024","article-title":"Biosurfactants: Potential applications in medicine","volume":"57","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"58","article-title":"Biosurfactants in pharmaceutical industry: A mini-review","volume":"1","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Drug Discov. Devel."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/S1389-1723(02)80149-9","article-title":"Functions and potential applications of glycolipid biosurfactants\u2014from energy-saving materials to gene delivery carriers","volume":"94","author":"Kitamoto","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Biosci. Bioeng."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"1","article-title":"Rhamnolipid biosurfactants\u2014past, present, and future scenario of global market","volume":"5","author":"Rahman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbp.2018.12.003","article-title":"A new approach for downstream purification of rhamnolipid biosurfactants","volume":"114","author":"Invally","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Bioprod. Process"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s12934-018-1046-0","article-title":"Sustainable biosurfactant produced by Serratia marcescens UCP 1549 and its suitability for agricultural and marine bioremediation applications","volume":"18","author":"Araujo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microb. Cell Fact."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.26517","article-title":"Advances in applications of rhamnolipids biosurfactant in environmental remediation: A review","volume":"115","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Bioeng."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/S1002-0160(18)60018-9","article-title":"Biosurfactants as a biological tool to increase micronutrient availability in soil: A review","volume":"28","author":"Singh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pedosph"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.3109\/07388551.2016.1163324","article-title":"Screening concepts, characterization and structural analysis of microbial-derived bioactive lipopeptides: A review","volume":"37","author":"Biniarz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yazid, N.A., Barrna, R., Kolimis, D., and Shanchez, A. (2017). Solid \u2013state fermentation as a novel paradigm for organic waste valorization:a review. Sustainability, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/su9020224"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2016.06.538","article-title":"A comparison of recovery methods of rhamnolipids produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"148","author":"Shah","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Eng."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"1","article-title":"Current trends in water-in-diesel emulsion as a fuel","volume":"527472","author":"Khan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. World J."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"(2019, May 19). Global Oil Demand Picks up but Still Lags Rising Supply. Available online: https:\/\/www.rigzone.com\/news\/wire\/iea_global_oil_demand_picks_up_but_still_lags_rising_supply-15-mar-2018\u2013153886-article\/."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"67","article-title":"Properties of the biosurfactant produced by Candida sphaerica cultivated in low-cost substrates","volume":"27","author":"Luna","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"1718","article-title":"Biosurfactants: Promising molecules for petroleum biotechnology advances","volume":"7","author":"Luna","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"549","article-title":"Biosurfactants and their use in upgrading petroleum vacuum distillation residue: A review","volume":"4","author":"Tabatabaee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Inter. J. Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.1002\/jobm.201600143","article-title":"Biosurfactants from Lactobacilli species: Properties, challenges and potential biomedical applications","volume":"56","author":"Satpute","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Basic. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.7763\/IJESD.2015.V6.682","article-title":"An overview of oil production stages: Enhanced oil recovery techniques and nitrogen injection","volume":"6","author":"Alagorni","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Sci. Dev."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, X., Zhang, Y., Chen, G., and Gai, Z. (2017). Application of nanoparticles in enhanced oil recovery: A critical review of recent progress. Energies, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/en10030345"},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Crecente, C., Rasmussen, K., Torsaeter, O., Storm, A., and Kowalewski, E. (2005, January 21\u201325). A experimental study of microbial improved oil recovery by using Rhodococcus sp.094. Proceedings of the International Symposium of the Society of Core Analysts, Toronto, ON, Canada."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"1","article-title":"Application of rhamnolipid biosurfactant produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in microbial-enhanced oil recovery (MEOR)","volume":"1","author":"Camara","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Petrol. Explor. Prod. Technol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.petlm.2016.11.007","article-title":"Most common surfactants employed in chemical enhanced oil recovery","volume":"3","author":"Negin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Petroleum"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1080\/15320383.2011.560981","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of biosurfactant-and bioemulsifier-producing bacteria from petroleum contaminated sites in Western Canada","volume":"20","author":"Yu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Soil Sediment Contam."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcab.2018.01.010","article-title":"Biosurfactants: Production and potential applications in microbial enhanced oil recovery (MEOR)","volume":"14","author":"Geetha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biocatal Agric Biotechnol"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibiod.2012.01.006","article-title":"Biosurfactant production by Bacillus subtilis B20 using date molasses and its possible application in enhanced oil recovery","volume":"81","author":"Elshafie","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.01285","article-title":"Biosurfactant as an enhancer of geologic carbon storage: Microbial modification of interfacial tension and contact angle in carbon dioxide\/water\/quartz systems","volume":"8","author":"Park","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.petrol.2013.11.029","article-title":"Investigating the efficiency of MEOR processes using Enterobacter cloacae and Bacillus stearothermophilus SUCPM# 14 (biosurfactant-producing strains) in carbonated reservoirs","volume":"113","author":"Sarafzadeh","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Petrol. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"1","article-title":"Recent Advance of Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery (MEOR) in China","volume":"1871392","author":"She","year":"2019","journal-title":"Geofluids"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maudgalya, S., Knapp, R., and McInerney, M. (2007). Microbial Enhanced Oil-Recovery Technologies: A Review of the Past, Present, and Future, Society of Petroleum Engineers.","DOI":"10.2118\/106978-MS"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khire, J.M. (2010). Bacterial Biosurfactants, and Their Role in Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery (MEOR), Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-5979-9_11"},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"1","article-title":"Biosurfactant production by microorganism for enhanced oil recovery","volume":"3","author":"Golabi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Sci. Eng. Res."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1080\/10916466.2011.601507","article-title":"MEOR field test at block Luo 801 of Shengli oil field in China","volume":"32","author":"Weidong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Petrol. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1007\/s13202-018-0528-2","article-title":"Reservoir souring: Sulfur chemistry in offshore oil and gas reservoir fluids","volume":"9","author":"Basafa","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Petrol. Explor. Prod. Technol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.3923\/jest.2018.104.111","article-title":"Potential of biosurfactant as an alternative biocide to control biofilm associated biocorrosion","volume":"11","author":"Astuti","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpe.2015.05.005","article-title":"Production of biosurfactant from Bacillus licheniformis for microbial enhanced oil recovery and inhibition the growth of sulfate reducing bacteria","volume":"24","author":"Aiad","year":"2015","journal-title":"Egyptian J. Petrol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hong, E., Jeong, M.S., Kim, T.H., Lee, J.H., Cho, J.H., and Lee, K.S. (2019). Development of Coupled Biokinetic and Thermal Model to Optimize Cold-Water Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery (MEOR) in Homogenous Reservoir. Sustainability, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/su11061652"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1186\/s12934-016-0574-8","article-title":"Production of lipopeptide biosurfactants by Bacillus atrophaeus 5\u20132a and their potential use in microbial enhanced oil recovery","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microb. Cell Fact."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02264-06","article-title":"In situ biosurfactant production by Bacillus strains injected into a limestone petroleum reservoir","volume":"73","author":"Youssef","year":"2007","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Udoh, T., and Vinogradov, J. (2019). Experimental investigations of behaviour of biosurfactants in brine solutions relevant to hydrocarbon reservoirs. Colloids Interfaces, 3.","DOI":"10.3390\/colloids3010024"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472-765X.2007.02197.x","article-title":"Potential application of cyclic lipopeptide biosurfactants produced by Bacillus subtilis strains in laundry detergent formulations","volume":"45","author":"Mukherjee","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lett. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"1411","article-title":"Possible use of biosurfactant produced by microbial consortium from contaminated soil for microbially enhanced oil recovery","volume":"57","author":"Bezza","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Transact."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.9790\/1684-1403024147","article-title":"The Impact of Various Surfactants on the Water-in-Diesel Fuel Emulsions","volume":"14","author":"Abass","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mech. Civil. Eng."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"2835","article-title":"Investigation on effect of water emulsified with diesel by surfactant addition on performance and emission characteristics of diesel engine","volume":"14","author":"Rambabu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Chem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1051\/matecconf\/20179001022","article-title":"The study of stability, combustion characteristics and performance of water in diesel emulsion fuel","volume":"90","author":"Syafiq","year":"2017","journal-title":"MATEC Web Conf."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpe.2013.11.006","article-title":"Water-in-diesel fuel nanoemulsions: Preparation, stability and physical properties","volume":"22","author":"Mohamed","year":"2013","journal-title":"Egyptian J. Petrol."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"1771","article-title":"Factors affecting emissions from diesel fuel and water-in-diesel emulsion","volume":"38","author":"Hegde","year":"2016","journal-title":"Energy Sources Part A Recovery Util. Environ. Eff."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2015.01.052","article-title":"Rhamnolipid based glycerol-in-diesel microemulsion fuel: Formation and characterization","volume":"147","author":"Leng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1205\/psep.03176","article-title":"Emulsification of crude oil\u2013water systems using biosurfactants","volume":"83","author":"Pekdemir","year":"2005","journal-title":"Process. Saf. Environ."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-5979-9_10","article-title":"Possibilities and challenges for biosurfactants use in petroleum industry","volume":"672","author":"Perfumo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1590\/S0104-66322011000300017","article-title":"Alternative fuels composed by blends of nonionic surfactant with diesel and water: Engine performance and emissions","volume":"28","author":"Fernandes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Braz. J. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"15","article-title":"Application of microbial surfactant (a review)","volume":"1","author":"Okoliegbe","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sch. J. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_75","unstructured":"Rahema, H., and Kumari, S. (2014, January 17\u201318). Performance and emissions of emulsified biodiesel operated diesel engine. Proceedings of the International Conference on Biological, Civil and Environmental Enginering, Dubai, UAE."},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"1","article-title":"Biosurfactant production and biodesulphurization: Integrated approach for fuel processing","volume":"4","author":"Sharma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Biotech. Micrbiol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.4172\/1948-5948.1000332","article-title":"The Role of Microorganisms and Productions in Biodesulfurization of Fossiel Fuels","volume":"8","author":"Raheb","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Microb. Biochem. Technol."},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"205","article-title":"The study of biological technologies for the removal of sulfur compounds","volume":"28","author":"Nazari","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Sci. Islamic. Repub. Iran"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhanjadeo, M.M., Rath, K., Gupta, D., Pradhan, N., Biswal, S.K., Mishra, B.K., and Subudhi, U. (2018). Differential desulfurization of dibenzothiophene by newly identified MTCC strains: Influence of operon array. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0192536"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2695","DOI":"10.20546\/ijcmas.2017.604.314","article-title":"Desulfurization of crude oil and oil products by local isolated bacterial strains","volume":"6","author":"Shahaby","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1016\/S1001-0742(10)60504-9","article-title":"Desulfurization of dibenzothiophene (DBT) by a novel strain Lysinibacillus sphaericus DMT-7 isolated from diesel contaminated soil","volume":"23","author":"Bahuguna","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.33073\/pjm-2015-006","article-title":"Sulfur removal from dibenzothiophene by newly isolated Paenibacillus validus strain PD2 and process optimization in aqueous and biphasic (model oil) systems","volume":"64","author":"Derikvand","year":"2015","journal-title":"Polish. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1007\/s10098-014-0812-x","article-title":"Biodesulfurization: A mini review about the immediate search for the future technology","volume":"17","author":"Boniek","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clean Technol. Envir."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2006.04.005","article-title":"Microbial biocatalyst development to upgrade fossil fuels","volume":"17","author":"Kilbane","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cuur. Opin. Biotechol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1578","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01578","article-title":"Construction and characterization of a new recombinant vector to remove sulfate repression of dsz promoter transcription in biodesulfurization of dibenzothiophene","volume":"9","author":"Khosravinia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2113","DOI":"10.1080\/15567030903503167","article-title":"The stable rhamnolipid biosurfactant production in genetically engineered pseudomonas strain reduced energy consumption in biodesulfurization","volume":"33","author":"Raheb","year":"2011","journal-title":"Energ. Sources Part A"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2250","DOI":"10.1080\/10916466.2011.565292","article-title":"A Two-stage immobilized cell bioreactor with Bacillus subtilis and Rhodococcus erythropolis for the simultaneous production of biosurfactant and biodesulfurization of model oil","volume":"31","author":"Amin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pet. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38787","DOI":"10.1039\/C8RA06693K","article-title":"A lipopeptide biosurfactant from Bacillus sp. Lv13 and their combined effects on biodesulfurization of dibenzothiophene","volume":"8","author":"Lyu","year":"2018","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_89","unstructured":"McGenity, T.J., Timmis, K.N., and Fernandez, B.N. (2014). Protocols for the isolation and preliminary characterization of bacteria for biodesulfurization and biodenitrogenation of petroleum-derived fuels. Hydrocarbon and Lipid Microbiology Protocols, Springer."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02319-07","article-title":"Genetic rearrangement strategy for optimizing the dibenzothiophene biodesulfurization pathway in Rhodococcus erythropolis","volume":"74","author":"Li","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2012.11.023","article-title":"Synergistic effect of alkyl-O-glucoside and-cellobioside biosurfactants as effective emulsifiers of crude oil in water: A proposal for the transport of heavy crude oil by pipeline","volume":"110","author":"Aburto","year":"2013","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4506","DOI":"10.1021\/ef200785v","article-title":"Development and application of an asphaltene deposition tool (ADEPT) for well bores","volume":"25","author":"Kurup","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ener. Fuels"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnnfm.2017.11.008","article-title":"Flow start-up and transportation of waxy crude oil in pipelines-A review","volume":"251","author":"Chala","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Non-Newtonian Fluid Mech."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1080\/10916466.2015.1118500","article-title":"Study on emulsification of crude oil in water using emulsan biosurfactant for pipeline transportation","volume":"34","author":"Amani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pet. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12523","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms150712523","article-title":"Applications of biosurfactants in the petroleum industry and the remediation of oil spills","volume":"15","author":"Silva","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1627\/jpi.55.138","article-title":"Removal of oil tank bottom sludge by novel biosurfactant, JE 1058 BS","volume":"55","author":"Matsui","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Jpn. Pet. Inst."},{"key":"ref_97","first-page":"1584","article-title":"Petroleum sludge, its treatment and disposal: A review","volume":"13","author":"Islam","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Chem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2008.06.046","article-title":"Oil spill remediation by using the remediation agent JE1058BS that contains a biosurfactant produced by Gordonia sp. strain JE-1058","volume":"100","author":"Saeki","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biores. Technol."},{"key":"ref_99","first-page":"671","article-title":"Application of the biosurfactants produced by Bacillus sp. (SH 20 and SH 26) and P. aeruginosa SH 29 isolated from the rhizosphere soil of an Egyptian salt marsh plant for the cleaning of oil-contaminated vessels and enhancing the biodegradation","volume":"7","author":"Diab","year":"2013","journal-title":"Afr. J. Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2014.02.012","article-title":"Characterization of a biosurfactant produced by Pseudomonas cepacia CCT6659 in the presence of industrial wastes and its application in the biodegradation of hydrophobic compounds in soil","volume":"117","author":"Silva","year":"2014","journal-title":"Coll. Surf. B Biointer."},{"key":"ref_101","first-page":"e00003","article-title":"Distribution of PAH-ring hydroxylating dioxygenase genes in bacteria isolated from two illegal oil refining sites in the Niger Delta, Nigeria","volume":"1","author":"Chikere","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Afr."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-018-9434-2","article-title":"Microbial biosurfactants for oil spill remediation: Pitfalls and potentials","volume":"103","author":"Patel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1673\/031.013.1801","article-title":"Morphological and molecular characterization of a fungus, Hirsutella spp., isolated from planthoppers and psocids in Argentina","volume":"13","author":"Toledo","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Insect Sci."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9629","DOI":"10.1039\/C9RA01430F","article-title":"Characterization of biosurfactant lipopeptide and its performance evaluation for oil-spill remediation","volume":"9","author":"Feng","year":"2019","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.00115","article-title":"The responses of marine microorganisms, communities and ecofunctions to environmental gradients","volume":"10","author":"Dang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/S0958-1669(02)00316-6","article-title":"Biosurfactants and oil bioremediation","volume":"13","author":"Ron","year":"2002","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2301","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.02301","article-title":"Aquatic bacterial communities associated with land use and environmental factors in agricultural landscapes using a metabarcoding approach","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.petlm.2018.03.007","article-title":"Role of biosurfactants in bioremediation of oil pollution-a review","volume":"4","author":"Karlapudi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Petroleum"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2007.05.063","article-title":"Application of biosurfactants, rhamnolipid, and surfactin, for enhanced biodegradation of diesel-contaminated water and soil","volume":"151","author":"Whang","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_110","first-page":"87","article-title":"Biodegradation of crude oil and distillation products by biosurfactant-producing bacteria","volume":"17","author":"Wypych","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pol. J. Environ. Stud."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2019.02.049","article-title":"A binary mixture of a biosurfactant and an ionic liquid surfactant as a green dispersant for oil spill remediation","volume":"280","author":"Shah","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liquids"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1354","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-37903-x","article-title":"Oil-spill triggered shift in indigenous microbial structure and functional dynamics in different marine environmental matrices","volume":"9","author":"Neethu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2016.10.025","article-title":"Effect of rhamnolipid solubilization on hexadecane bioavailability: Enhancement or reduction?","volume":"322","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_114","first-page":"63","article-title":"Effect of rhamnolipids on degradation of anthracene by two newly isolated strains, Sphingomonas sp. 12A and Pseudomonas sp. 12B","volume":"18","author":"Cui","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olasanmi, I.O., and Thring, R.W. (2018). The role of biosurfactants in the continued drive forenvironmental sustainability. Sustainability, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/su10124817"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.4491\/eer.2018.134","article-title":"Petroleum sludge treatment and disposal: A review","volume":"24","author":"Johnson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Eng. Res."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaczorek, E., Pachholak, A., Zdarta, A., and Smulek, W. (2018). The impact of biosurfactant on microbial properties leading to hydrocarbon bioavailability. Colloids Interfaces, 2.","DOI":"10.3390\/colloids2030035"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1831","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.05.025","article-title":"Use of biosurfactant to remediate phenanthrene-contaminated soil by the combined solubilization\u2013biodegradation process","volume":"137","author":"Shin","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_119","first-page":"667","article-title":"Biosurfactants are useful tools for the bioremediation of contaminated soil: A review","volume":"12","author":"Bustamante","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Soil. Sci. Plant Nutr."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e23228","DOI":"10.17795\/jjhr-23228","article-title":"Bioremediation of pyrene-contaminated soils using biosurfactant","volume":"5","author":"Jorfi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Jentashapir J. Health Res."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13314","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5b03649","article-title":"Widespread microbial adaptation to L-glutamate-N, N-diacetate (L-GLDA) following its market introduction in a consumer cleaning product","volume":"49","author":"Itrich","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.3934\/bioeng.2016.3.289","article-title":"Application of biosurfactants in environmental biotechnology; remediation of oil and heavy metal","volume":"3","author":"Usman","year":"2016","journal-title":"AIMS Bioeng."},{"key":"ref_123","first-page":"69","article-title":"Microbial biosurfactants role in oil products biodegradation","volume":"2","author":"Matvyeyeva","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Biorem. Biodegrad."},{"key":"ref_124","first-page":"1","article-title":"Effect of soil texture on remediation of hydrocarbons-contaminated soil at El-Minia district, Upper Egypt","volume":"406598","author":"Mohamed","year":"2012","journal-title":"ISRN Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180070","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.180070","article-title":"Formulation of chelating agent with surfactant in cloud point extraction of methylphenol in water","volume":"5","author":"Hazrina","year":"2018","journal-title":"Royal Society Open Sci."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2004.09.028","article-title":"Effects of nonaqueous phase liquids on the washing of soil in the presence of nonionic surfactants","volume":"39","author":"Chu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2672.2002.01774.x","article-title":"Microbial surfactants and their use in field studies of soil remediation","volume":"93","author":"Christofi","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2014.12.009","article-title":"Use of surfactants for the remediation of contaminated soils: A review","volume":"285","author":"Mao","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2028","DOI":"10.1039\/C5NJ02108A","article-title":"Aggregate-based sub-CMC solubilization of n-alkanes by monorhamnolipid biosurfactant","volume":"40","author":"Zhong","year":"2016","journal-title":"New J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_130","first-page":"1634","article-title":"Effect of clays, metal oxides, and organic matter on rhamnolipid biosurfactant sorption by soil","volume":"66","author":"Noordman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chemotherapy"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2009.01.017","article-title":"Biosurfactant-enhanced removal of total petroleum hydrocarbons from contaminated soil","volume":"167","author":"Lai","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2004.10.006","article-title":"Soil remediation: Humic acids as natural surfactants in the washings of highly contaminated soils","volume":"135","author":"Conte","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/2193-2697-3-6","article-title":"Effects of soil properties and biosurfactant on the behavior of PAHs in soil-water systems","volume":"3","author":"Yu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Sys. Res."},{"key":"ref_134","first-page":"1139","article-title":"Evaluation of biosurfactants for crude oil contaminated soil washing","volume":"57","author":"Urum","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chemotherapy"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2402","DOI":"10.1039\/C8RA09964B","article-title":"Efficient remediation of crude oil-contaminated soil using a solvent\/surfactant system","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_136","first-page":"92","article-title":"Treatment of crude-oil contaminated soil using biosurfactants","volume":"3","author":"Khodadadi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Pet. Gas. Eng."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.2462\/09670513.991","article-title":"Surfactant-enhanced soil washing for the remediation of sites contaminated with pesticides","volume":"18","author":"Bandala","year":"2010","journal-title":"Land Contam. Reclamat."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2011.11.038","article-title":"The use of a combined process of surfactant-aided soil washing and coagulation for PAH-contaminated soils treatment","volume":"88","author":"Saez","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"ref_139","first-page":"1","article-title":"Production and Application of No-purified Rhamnolipids in the Soil-washing of TPHs Contaminated Soils","volume":"19","author":"Torres","year":"2013","journal-title":"Asian Soil Res. J."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1080\/10406638.2015.1129973","article-title":"Biosurfactant-assisted bioremediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in liquid culture system and substrate interactions","volume":"37","author":"Bezza","year":"2017","journal-title":"Polycycl. Aromaat. Comp."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"01023","DOI":"10.1051\/matecconf\/20179701023","article-title":"Review on adsorption of heavy metal in wastewater by using geopolymer","volume":"97","author":"Ariffin","year":"2017","journal-title":"MATEC Web Conf."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5402\/2011\/402647","article-title":"Heavy metals in contaminated soils: A review of sources, chemistry, risks and best available strategies for remediation","volume":"2011","author":"Wuana","year":"2011","journal-title":"ISRN Ecol."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santos, D.K.F., Rufino, R.D., Luna, J.M., Santos, V.A., and Sarubbo, L. (2016). A Biosurfactants: Multifunctional biomolecules of the 21st century. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17030401"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4071","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.organomet.7b00605","article-title":"Toxicity of metal compounds: Knowledge and myths","volume":"36","author":"Egorova","year":"2017","journal-title":"Organometallics"},{"key":"ref_145","first-page":"10","article-title":"Modern Technologies in Remediation of Heavy Metals in Soils","volume":"2","author":"Zaghloul","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Poll. Environ. Model."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3812","DOI":"10.1021\/es9813055","article-title":"Metal removal from contaminated soil and sediments by the biosurfactant surfactin","volume":"33","author":"Mulligan","year":"1999","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.2134\/jeq2001.302479x","article-title":"Stability constants for the complexation of various metals with a rhamnolipid biosurfactant","volume":"30","author":"Artiola","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Environ. Qual."},{"key":"ref_148","first-page":"361","article-title":"Biosurfactant Use in Heavy Metal Removal from Industrial Effluents and Contaminated Sites","volume":"Volume 3","author":"Kosaric","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biosurfactants: Production and utilization\u2014Processes, Technologies, and Economics"},{"key":"ref_149","first-page":"61","article-title":"Application of the biosurfactant produced by Candida lipolytica in the remediation of heavy metals","volume":"27","author":"Rufino","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1080\/15320383.2018.1485630","article-title":"The removal of Pb and Cd from heavily contaminated soil in Kayseri, Turkey by a combined process of soil washing and electrodeposition","volume":"27","author":"Delil","year":"2018","journal-title":"Soil Sediment Contam. Int. J."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1007\/s10967-018-5879-0","article-title":"A study on the evaluation of cesium removal performance in soil washing process using flocculating agent","volume":"316","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Radioanal Nucl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.69.2.861-868.2003","article-title":"Production of cyclic lipopeptides by Pseudomonas fluorescens strains in bulk soil and in the sugar beet rhizosphere","volume":"69","author":"Nielsen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbial."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qi, X., Xu, X., Zhong, C., Jiang, T., Wei, W., and Song, X. (2018). Removal of cadmium and lead from contaminated soils using sophorolipids from fermentation culture of Starmerella bombicola CGMCC 1576 fermentation. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15112334"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1080\/10934529.2018.1429726","article-title":"Biosurfactant-assisted phytoremediation of multi-contaminated industrial soil using sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)","volume":"53","author":"Liduino","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci. Health Part A"},{"key":"ref_155","first-page":"433","article-title":"Application of a low cost biosurfactant in the removal of heavy metals in soil","volume":"64","author":"Sarubbo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Trans."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2005.08.010","article-title":"Bacterial extracellular polymeric substance (EPS): A carrier of heavy metals in the marine food-chain","volume":"32","author":"Bhaskar","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2075","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5620211010","article-title":"Effect of pH on cadmium toxicity, speciation, and accumulation during naphthalene biodegradation","volume":"21","author":"Sandrin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-012-4641-8","article-title":"Biosurfactants in agriculture","volume":"97","author":"Sachdev","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl Microbiol Biotechnol"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2014.05.007","article-title":"Beneficial rhizobacteria from rice rhizosphere confers high protection against biotic and abiotic stress inducing systemic resistance in rice seedlings","volume":"82","author":"Lucas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Plant Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choudhary, D.K., Varma, A., and Tuteja, N. (2017). Plant-Microbe Interaction: An Approach to Sustainable Agriculture, Springer. [3rd ed.].","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-2854-0"},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2016.00918","article-title":"Biochemical and molecular mechanisms of plant-microbe-metal interactions: Relevance for phytoremediation","volume":"7","author":"Ma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2009.04244.x","article-title":"Functional, genetic and chemical characterization of biosurfactants produced by plant growth-promoting Pseudomonas putida 267","volume":"107","author":"Kruijt","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1007\/s10482-007-9214-y","article-title":"Production of biosurfactants and antibiotics by fluorescent pseudomonads isolated from a closed hydroponic system equipped with a slow filter","volume":"93","author":"Hultberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Antonie van Leeuwenhoek"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2004.06.009","article-title":"Environmental applications for biosurfactants","volume":"133","author":"Mulligan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ. Poll."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1021\/jf104027x","article-title":"Insecticidal activity of rhamnolipid isolated from Pseudomonas sp. EP-3 against green peach aphid (Myzus persicae)","volume":"59","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10471","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-017-0105-0","article-title":"Biosurfactants produced by Bacillus subtilis A1 and Pseudomonas stutzeri NA3 reduce longevity and fecundity of Anopheles stephensi and show high toxicity against young instars","volume":"25","author":"Parthipan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Poll. Res."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2004.00362.x","article-title":"Integration of environmental and host-derived signals with quorum sensing during plant\u2013microbe interactions","volume":"6","author":"Newton","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cell Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1080\/02648725.2010.10648149","article-title":"Quorum sensing: Implications on rhamnolipid biosurfactant production","volume":"27","author":"Dusane","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Genet. Eng. Rev."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5095","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms11125095","article-title":"Rhamnolipid biosurfactants as new players in animal and plant defense against microbes","volume":"11","author":"Vatsa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-18279-w","article-title":"Reverse micelle extraction of antibiotics using an eco-friendly sophorolipids biosurfactant","volume":"8","author":"Chuo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1111\/1751-7915.13297","article-title":"A novel microbial technique for producing high-quality sophorolipids from horse oil suitable for cosmetic applications","volume":"11","author":"Maeng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microb. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1080\/07388551.2016.1269053","article-title":"Biosurfactants in cosmetic formulations: Trends and challenges","volume":"37","author":"Vecino","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_173","first-page":"161","article-title":"Sophorolipids A promising biosurfactant and its applications","volume":"6","author":"Magri","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Biotechnol. Res."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rauwel, P., K\u00fc\u00fcnal, S., Ferdov, S., and Rauwel, E. (2015). A review on the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their morphologies studied via TEM. Adv. Mat. Sci. Eng., 682749.","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/682749"},{"key":"ref_175","first-page":"245","article-title":"Industrial applications of biosurfactants","volume":"Volume 3","author":"Kosaric","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biosurfact: Production and Utilization\u2014Processes, Technologies, and Economics"},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13720","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms150813720","article-title":"Biosurfactant mediated biosynthesis of selected metallic nanoparticles","volume":"15","author":"Plaza","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2013.10.002","article-title":"Potential therapeutic applications of biosurfactants","volume":"34","author":"Gudina","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends Phaarma. Sci."},{"key":"ref_178","first-page":"181","article-title":"Evaluation of degreasing process with plant derived biosurfactant for leather making: An ecological approach","volume":"23","author":"Kilic","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Text. Appar."},{"key":"ref_179","first-page":"243","article-title":"Classification and industrial applications of biosurfactants","volume":"4","author":"Shoeb","year":"2013","journal-title":"AR Int."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcbee.2012.06.050","article-title":"Review on the extraction of biomolecules by biosurfactant reverse micelles","volume":"3","author":"Harun","year":"2012","journal-title":"APCBEE Procedia"},{"key":"ref_181","first-page":"550","article-title":"Extraction and Characterization of Extracellular Polymeric Substances (EPS) from Waste Sludge of Pulp and Paper Mill","volume":"2","author":"Pervaiz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2006.05.032","article-title":"Crude petroleum-oil biodegradation efficiency of Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from a petroleum-oil contaminated soil from North-East India","volume":"98","author":"Das","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biores. Technol."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2006.09.005","article-title":"Towards commercial production of microbial surfactants","volume":"24","author":"Mukherjee","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_184","first-page":"295","article-title":"Biosurfactants and their application for soil bioremediation","volume":"39","author":"Kosaric","year":"2001","journal-title":"Food Technol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1007\/s002530051648","article-title":"Potential commercial applications of microbial surfactants","volume":"53","author":"Banat","year":"2000","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_186","unstructured":"(2019, February 12). Biosurfactants Market- Segmented by Product Typr, Application, and Geography, Growth, Trend and Forcast (2019\u20132024). Available online: https:\/\/www.mordorintelligence.com\/industry-reports\/biosurfactants-market."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1186\/s13568-018-0651-y","article-title":"Production of rhamnolipids by integrated foam adsorption in a bioreactor system","volume":"8","author":"Anic","year":"2018","journal-title":"AMB Express"},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.03.349","article-title":"Mechanisms for rhamnolipids-mediated biodegradation of hydrophobic organic compounds","volume":"634","author":"Zeng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sc. Total. Environ."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2009.07.071","article-title":"Study of the antifungal activity of Bacillus vallismortis ZZ185 in vitro and identification of its antifungal components","volume":"101","author":"Zhao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biores. Technol."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2004.01.010","article-title":"Potential applications of microbial surfactants in biomedical sciences","volume":"22","author":"Singh","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1080\/08982100600992443","article-title":"Liposome vector containing biosurfactant-complexed DNA as herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase gene delivery system","volume":"16","author":"Maitani","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Liposome. Res."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.15171\/apb.2018.023","article-title":"Bioemulsifiers derived from microorganisms: Applications in the drug and food industry","volume":"8","author":"Hamishehkar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"045007","DOI":"10.1088\/2043-6254\/aaec0e","article-title":"Biosurfactant assisted silver nanoparticle synthesis: A critical analysis of its drug design aspects","volume":"9","author":"Eswari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Nat. Sci. Nanosci. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Temiouwa, O., Oluwaanmi, O., Ifeanyi, S., and Tomiwa, O. (2018). Nano Augmented Biosurfactant Formulation for Recovery in Medium Oil Reservoirs. Society of Petroleum Engineers.","DOI":"10.2118\/193485-MS"},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1039\/C8EN01005F","article-title":"Towards more realistic reference microplastics and nanoplastics: Preparation of polyethylene micro\/nanoparticles with a biosurfactant","volume":"6","author":"Balakrishnan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Nano."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1021\/bp000159f","article-title":"Remarkable antiagglomeration effect of a yeast biosurfactant, diacylmannosylerythritol, on ice-water slurry for cold thermal storage","volume":"17","author":"Kitamoto","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Prog."},{"key":"ref_197","unstructured":"(2019, July 19). Global Market Insight. Available online: https:\/\/www.gminsights.com\/industry-analysis\/biosurfactants-market-report."},{"key":"ref_198","unstructured":"Soonglerdsongpha, S., Rongsyamanont, W., Khondee, N., Pinyakong, O., and Luepromchai, E. (2014, January 25\u201327). Production and application of lipopeptide biosurfactant for dispersing oil spill in seawater. Proceedings of the 5th World Congress on Biotechnology, Valencia, Spain."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mulligan, C.N., Sharma, S.K., and Mudhoo, A. (2014). Green chemistry and biosurfactants. Biosurfactants: Research Trends and Applications, CRC Press. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.1201\/b16383"},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibiod.2014.01.007","article-title":"Biosurfactant-enhanced hydrocarbon bioremediation: An overview","volume":"89","author":"Souza","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad."},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.agron.2018.02.002","article-title":"Biosurfactants for sustainable soil management","volume":"Volume 150","author":"Ahmad","year":"2018","journal-title":"Advances in Agronomy, Sparks, D. Ed."},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.4172\/2157-7625.1000202","article-title":"Production of Biosurfactant and their Role in Bioremediation","volume":"6","author":"Aulwar","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Ecosys. Ecogr."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2009.09.036","article-title":"Investigation of sorption\/desorption equilibria of heavy metal ions on\/from quartz using rhamnolipid biosurfactant","volume":"91","author":"Asci","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1186\/s12934-018-1017-5","article-title":"Biosurfactant production and hydrocarbon degradation activity of endophytic bacteria isolated from Chelidonium majus L.","volume":"17","author":"Pietrzyk","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microb. Cell Fact."},{"key":"ref_205","first-page":"1","article-title":"Significance of rhamnolipids as a biological control agent in the management of crops\/plant pathogens","volume":"10","author":"Oluwaseun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Trends Biomed. Eng. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2015.00787","article-title":"Pseudomonas spp. as models for plant-microbe interactions","volume":"6","author":"Sitaraman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_207","first-page":"272","article-title":"Antibacterial activity of isolated bacteria against Propionibacterium acnes causing acne vulgaris","volume":"54","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Korean J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_208","first-page":"11","article-title":"Recent potential usage of surfactant from microbial origin in pharmaceutical and biomedical arena: A perspective","volume":"2","author":"Kalyani","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Res. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chai, T., Yan, H., Zhang, Z., Xu, M., Wu, Y., Jin, L., Huang, G., and Fu, H. (2019). Optimization of enhanced ultrafiltration conditions for cd with mixed biosurfactants using thebox-behnken response surface methodology. Water, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/w11030442"},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1002\/btpr.1796","article-title":"Microbial biosurfactants as additives for food industries","volume":"29","author":"Campos","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Prog."},{"key":"ref_211","first-page":"1","article-title":"A review on the biosurfactants: Properties, types and its application","volume":"8","author":"Roy","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Fundam. Renew. Energy Appl."}],"container-title":["Microorganisms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/7\/11\/581\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:35:43Z","timestamp":1760189743000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/7\/11\/581"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,19]]},"references-count":211,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11]]}},"alternative-id":["microorganisms7110581"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms7110581","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.20944\/preprints201909.0044.v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2076-2607"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2607","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,19]]}}}