{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:56:57Z","timestamp":1787029017924,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,4]],"date-time":"2019-12-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1575417600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004281","name":"Narodowe Centrum Nauki","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UMO-2014\/15\/B\/NZ6\/02514"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UMO-2014\/15\/B\/NZ6\/02514"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education in Poland","award":["NN301 165135"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NN301 165135"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Neisseria gonorrhoeae is an etiological agent of gonorrhea, which remains a global health problem. This bacterium possesses MutL and MutS DNA repair proteins encoded by mutL and mutS genes, whose inactivation causes a mutator phenotype. We have demonstrated the differential gene expression in N. gonorrhoeae mutL and mutS mutants using DNA microarrays. A subset of differentially expressed genes encodes proteins that can influence adhesion and biofilm formation. Compared to the wild-type strain, N. gonorrhoeae mutL and mutS mutants formed denser biofilms with increased biofilm-associated biomass on the abiotic surface. The N. gonorrhoeae mutS::km, but not the mutL mutant, was also more adherent and invasive to human epithelial cells. Further, during infection of epithelial cells with N. gonorrhoeae mutS::km, the expression of some bacterial genes encoding proteins that can influence gonococcal adhesion was changed compared with their expression in cells infected with the wild-type gonococcus, as well as of human genes\u2019 encoding receptors utilized by N. gonorrhoeae (CD46, CEACAM 1, HSPG 2). Thus, deficiency in the mutS gene resulting in increased mutation frequency in singular organisms can be beneficial in populations because these mutants can be a source of features linked to microbial fitness.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms7120647","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,5]],"date-time":"2019-12-05T03:16:36Z","timestamp":1575515796000},"page":"647","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Inactivation of Genes Encoding MutL and MutS Proteins Influences Adhesion and Biofilm Formation by Neisseria gonorrhoeae"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8017-8647","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jagoda","family":"P\u0142aczkiewicz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5885-9550","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monika","family":"Adamczyk-Pop\u0142awska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4530-5102","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Lasek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pawel","family":"B\u0105cal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland"},{"name":"Nalecz Institute of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-109 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0924-9841","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Kwiatek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkp098","article-title":"Phenotypic and genetic characterization of the 2008 WHO Neisseria gonorrhoeae reference strain panel intended for global quality assurance and quality control of gonococcal antimicrobial resistance surveillance for public health purposes","volume":"63","author":"Unemo","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2017). Global Priority List of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria to Guide Research, Discovery, and Development of New Antibiotics, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.2174\/157016212800618138","article-title":"Modulation of HIV transmission by Neisseria gonorrhoeae: Molecular and immunological aspects","volume":"10","author":"Jarvis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. HIV Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2814","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0902125","article-title":"Neisseria gonorrhoeae enhances HIV-1 infection of primary resting CD4+ T cells through TLR2 activation","volume":"184","author":"Ding","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200303070-00019","article-title":"Induction of HIV-1 long terminal repeat-mediated transcription by Neisseria gonorrhoeae","volume":"17","author":"Chen","year":"2003","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1964","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.73.4.1964-1970.2005","article-title":"Biofilm Formation by Neisseria gonorrhoeae","volume":"73","author":"Greiner","year":"2005","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1856","DOI":"10.1086\/593336","article-title":"Gonococcal cervicitis: A role for biofilm in pathogenesis","volume":"198","author":"Steichen","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1007\/s00412-015-0514-0","article-title":"New insights into the mechanism of DNA mismatch repair","volume":"124","author":"Reyes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chromosoma"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.01228-09","article-title":"Mismatch correction modulates mutation frequency and pilus phase and antigenic variation in Neisseria gonorrhoeae","volume":"192","author":"Criss","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adamczyk-Pop\u0142awska, M., Bandyra, K., and Kwiatek, A. (2018). Activity of Vsr endonucleases encoded by Neisseria gonorrhoeae FA1090 is influenced by MutL and MutS proteins. BMC Microbiol., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-018-1243-3"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1828","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.02594-14","article-title":"Neisseria gonorrhoeae MutS affects pilin antigenic variation through mismatch correction and not by pilE guanine quartet binding","volume":"197","author":"Rotman","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6976.2009.00173.x","article-title":"Genome dynamics in major bacterial pathogens","volume":"33","author":"Ambur","year":"2009","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2003.03679.x","article-title":"Recombination, repair and replication in the pathogenic Neisseriae: The 3 R\u2019s of molecular genetics of two human-specific bacterial pathogens","volume":"50","author":"Kline","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/S0921-8777(99)00050-6","article-title":"A phylogenomic study of DNA repair genes, proteins, and processes","volume":"435","author":"Eisen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mutat. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2001.02408.x","article-title":"Mismatch repair and the regulation of phase variation in Neisseria meningitidis","volume":"40","author":"Richardson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6103","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.092568699","article-title":"Mutator clones of Neisseria meningitidis in epidemic serogroup a disease","volume":"99","author":"Richardson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5038","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00395-08","article-title":"Neisseria meningitidis escape from the bactericidal activity of a monoclonal antibody is mediated by phase variation of lgtG and enhanced by a mutator phenotype","volume":"76","author":"Bayliss","year":"2008","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.1126\/science.274.5290.1208","article-title":"High mutation frequencies among Escherichia coli and Salmonella pathogens","volume":"274","author":"LeClerc","year":"1996","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/S0027-5107(98)00069-4","article-title":"Detection of mutator subpopulations in Salmonella typhimurium LT2 by reversion of his alleles","volume":"400","author":"LeClerc","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mutat. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1641","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2002.02855.x","article-title":"The mismatch repair system (mutS, mutL and uvrD genes) in Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Molecular characterization of naturally occurring mutants","volume":"43","author":"Oliver","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.32.2.641-648.1981","article-title":"Monoclonal antibodies against Neisseria gonorrhoeae: Production of antibodies directed against a strain-specific cell surface antigen","volume":"32","author":"Nachamkin","year":"1981","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"Unit4A.2.1","DOI":"10.1002\/9780471729259.mc04a02s23","article-title":"Genetic Manipulation of Neisseria gonorrhoeae","volume":"23","author":"Dillard","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Protoc. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1625","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.56.6.1625-1632.1988","article-title":"Model for invasion of human tissue culture cells by Neisseria gonorrhoeae","volume":"56","author":"Shaw","year":"1988","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.66.2.469-473.1998","article-title":"Transcellular passage of Neisseria gonorrhoeae involves pilus phase variation","volume":"66","author":"Ilver","year":"1998","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4341","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.65.10.4341-4349.1997","article-title":"Attachment of piliated, Opa- and Opc- gonococci and meningococci to epithelial cells elicits cortical actin rearrangements and clustering of tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins","volume":"65","author":"Merz","year":"1997","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.186.2.247","article-title":"Neisseria gonorrhoeae epithelial cell interaction leads to the activation of the transcription factors nuclear factor kappaB and activator protein 1 and the induction of inflammatory cytokines","volume":"186","author":"Naumann","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2014.00712","article-title":"The dam replacing gene product enhances Neisseria gonorrhoeae FA1090 viability and biofilm formation","volume":"5","author":"Kwiatek","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1426","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2015.01426","article-title":"Type III Methyltransferase M.NgoAX from Neisseria gonorrhoeae FA1090 Regulates Biofilm Formation and Interactions with Human Cells","volume":"6","author":"Kwiatek","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22372","DOI":"10.1038\/srep22372","article-title":"nagZ Triggers Gonococcal Biofilm Disassembly","volume":"6","author":"Bhoopalan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-7012(00)00122-6","article-title":"A modified microtiter-plate test for quantification of staphylococcal biofilm formation","volume":"40","author":"Stepanovic","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2008.112797","article-title":"The MIQE guidelines: Minimum information for publication of quantitative real-time PCR experiments","volume":"55","author":"Bustin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.2.896-905.2000","article-title":"Isolation of Neisseria gonorrhoeae mutants that show enhanced trafficking across polarized T84 epithelial monolayers","volume":"68","author":"Hopper","year":"2000","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/28.1.33","article-title":"The COG database: A tool for genome-scale analysis of protein functions and evolution","volume":"28","author":"Tatusov","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1004031323748","article-title":"Using the COG database to improve gene recognition in complete genomes","volume":"108","author":"Natale","year":"2000","journal-title":"Genetica"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2395","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-146-10-2395","article-title":"Quantification of biofilm structures by the novel computer program COMSTAT","volume":"146","author":"Heydorn","year":"2000","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jamet, A., Jousset, A.B., Euphrasie, D., Mukorako, P., Boucharlat, A., Ducousso, A., Charbit, A., and Nassif, X. (2015). A new family of secreted toxins in pathogenic Neisseria species. PLoS Pathog., 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004592"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.15698\/mic2015.03.194","article-title":"Characterization of the Maf family of polymorphic toxins in pathogenic","volume":"2","author":"Jamet","year":"2015","journal-title":"Microb. Cell"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arenas, J., de Maat, V., Cat\u00f3n, L., Krekorian, M., Herrero, J.C., Ferrara, F., and Tommassen, J. (2015). Fratricide activity of MafB protein of N. meningitidis strain B16B6. BMC Microbiol., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-015-0493-6"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.87.1.333","article-title":"Identification and characterization of a Neisseria gonorrhoeae gene encoding a glycolipid-binding adhesin","volume":"87","author":"Paruchuri","year":"1990","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1074\/mcp.M113.029538","article-title":"Quantitative proteomics of the Neisseria gonorrhoeae cell envelope and membrane vesicles for the discovery of potential therapeutic targets","volume":"13","author":"Zielke","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Proteom."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1859","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.26185-0","article-title":"Production of the signalling molecule, autoinducer-2, by Neisseria meningitidis: Lack of evidence for a concerted transcriptional response","volume":"149","author":"Dove","year":"2003","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3522","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00036-09","article-title":"Transcriptional profiling identifies the metabolic phenotype of gonococcal biofilms","volume":"77","author":"Falsetta","year":"2009","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2017.04.003","article-title":"The accessory Sec system (SecY2A2) in Streptococcus pneumoniae is involved in export of pneumolysin toxin, adhesion and biofilm formation","volume":"19","author":"Bandara","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microbes. Infect."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2005.04997.x","article-title":"Secretion of curli fibre subunits is mediated by the outer membrane-localized CsgG protein","volume":"59","author":"Robinson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E5439","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1411942111","article-title":"Structure of the nonameric bacterial amyloid secretion channel","volume":"111","author":"Cao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13768","article-title":"Structural and mechanistic insights into the bacterial amyloid secretion channel CsgG","volume":"516","author":"Goyal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berne, C., Ducret, A., Hardy, G.G., and Brun, Y.V. (2015). Adhesins Involved in Attachment to Abiotic Surfaces by Gram-Negative Bacteria. Microbiol. Spectr., 3.","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.MB-0018-2015"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2013.00303","article-title":"Proteinaceous determinants of surface colonization in bacteria: Bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation from a protein secretion perspective","volume":"4","author":"Chagnot","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2271","DOI":"10.1038\/emboj.2008.155","article-title":"Architectures and biogenesis of non-flagellar protein appendages in Gram-negative bacteria","volume":"27","author":"Fronzes","year":"2008","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.2005.tb03678.x","article-title":"Curli fibers are required for development of biofilm architecture in Escherichia coli K-12 and enhance bacterial adherence to human uroepithelial cells","volume":"49","author":"Kikuchi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.1997.5231883.x","article-title":"Availability of the fibre subunit CsgA and the nucleator protein CsgB during assembly of fibronectin-binding curli is limited by the intracellular concentration of the novel lipoprotein CsgG","volume":"26","author":"Loferer","year":"1997","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.174.3.687-694.1992","article-title":"Analysis of a Caulobacter crescentus gene cluster involved in attachment of the holdfast to the cell","volume":"174","author":"Kurtz","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ragland, S.A., Schaub, R.E., Hackett, K.T., Dillard, J.P., and Criss, A.K. (2017). Two lytic transglycosylases in Neisseria gonorrhoeae impart resistance to killing by lysozyme and human neutrophils. Cell. Microbiol., 19.","DOI":"10.1111\/cmi.12662"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1021\/acsinfecdis.6b00088","article-title":"Neisseria gonorrhoeae Lytic Transglycosylases LtgA and LtgD Reduce Host Innate Immune Signaling through TLR2 and NOD2","volume":"3","author":"Knilans","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6443","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00425-11","article-title":"Regulation of biofilm components in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium by lytic transglycosylases involved in cell wall turnover","volume":"193","author":"Monteiro","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3001","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.27182-0","article-title":"Involvement of genes of genome maintenance in the regulation of phase variation frequencies in Neisseria meningitidis","volume":"150","author":"Martin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.06161-11","article-title":"In the NadR regulon, adhesins and diverse meningococcal functions are regulated in response to signals in human saliva","volume":"194","author":"Fagnocchi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.1999.01416.x","article-title":"Interactions of pathogenic Neisseria with host cells. Is it possible to assemble the puzzle?","volume":"32","author":"Nassif","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dehio, C., Gray-Owen, S.D., and Meyer, T.F. (2000). Host cell invasion by pathogenic Neisseriae. Subcellular Biochemistry, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-4580-1_4"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.57.030502.090847","article-title":"DNA mismatch repair: Molecular mechanisms and biological function","volume":"57","author":"Schofield","year":"2003","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Microbiol."}],"container-title":["Microorganisms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/7\/12\/647\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:40:02Z","timestamp":1760190002000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/7\/12\/647"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,4]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["microorganisms7120647"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms7120647","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2607"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2607","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,4]]}}}