{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T17:20:05Z","timestamp":1775064005840,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,14]],"date-time":"2019-12-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1576281600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Science and Technology National Council (CONICYT) of Chile","award":["1040924"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1040924"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Despite their great importance for human therapy, quinolones are still used in Chilean salmon farming, with flumequine and oxolinic acid currently approved for use in this industry. The aim of this study was to improve our knowledge of the mechanisms conferring low susceptibility or resistance to quinolones among bacteria recovered from Chilean salmon farms. Sixty-five isolates exhibiting resistance, reduced susceptibility, or susceptibility to flumequine recovered from salmon farms were identified by their 16S rRNA genes, detecting a high predominance of species belonging to the Pseudomonas genus (52%). The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of flumequine in the absence and presence of the efflux pump inhibitor (EPI) Phe-Arg-\u03b2-naphthylamide and resistance patterns of isolates were determined by a microdilution broth and disk diffusion assays, respectively, observing MIC values ranging from 0.25 to &gt;64 \u00b5g\/mL and a high level of multi-resistance (96%), mostly showing resistance to florfenicol and oxytetracycline. Furthermore, mechanisms conferring low susceptibility to quinolones mediated by efflux pump activity, quinolone target mutations, or horizontally acquired resistance genes (qepA, oqxA, aac(6\u2032)-lb-cr, qnr) were investigated. Among isolates exhibiting resistance to flumequine (\u226516 \u00b5g\/mL), the occurrence of chromosomal mutations in target protein GyrA appears to be unusual (three out of 15), contrasting with the high incidence of mutations in GyrB (14 out of 17). Bacterial isolates showing resistance or reduced susceptibility to quinolones mediated by efflux pumps appear to be highly prevalent (49 isolates, 75%), thus suggesting a major role of intrinsic resistance mediated by active efflux.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms7120698","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,16]],"date-time":"2019-12-16T05:19:38Z","timestamp":1576473578000},"page":"698","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Characterization of Mechanisms Lowering Susceptibility to Flumequine among Bacteria Isolated from Chilean Salmonid Farms"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Christopher","family":"Concha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Tecnolog\u00eda Enzim\u00e1tica para Bioprocesos (TEB), Universidad de La Serena, La Serena 1700000, Chile"},{"name":"Laboratorio de Silvigen\u00f3mica y Biotecnolog\u00eda (SILGENBIO), Universidad de La Serena, La Serena 1700000, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claudio D.","family":"Miranda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Patobiolog\u00eda Acu\u00e1tica, Departamento de Acuicultura, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica del Norte, Coquimbo 1780000, Chile"},{"name":"Centro AquaPac\u00edfico, Coquimbo 1780000, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luz","family":"Hurtado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Patobiolog\u00eda Acu\u00e1tica, Departamento de Acuicultura, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica del Norte, Coquimbo 1780000, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9614-2393","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaime","family":"Romero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro AquaPac\u00edfico, Coquimbo 1780000, Chile"},{"name":"Laboratorio de Biotecnolog\u00eda, Instituto de Nutrici\u00f3n y Tecnolog\u00eda de los Alimentos (INTA), Universidad de Chile, Macul, Santiago 7810000, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"SERNAPESCA (2019, May 22). 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