{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T14:53:30Z","timestamp":1790607210376,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,14]],"date-time":"2020-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1578960000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>One of the main characteristics of probiotics is their ability to stimulate and modulate the immune response regardless of their viability. Lactobacillus casei (Lc) can stimulate local and systemic immunity, in addition to the activation of macrophages at sites distant from the intestine. Activated macrophages limit the replication of intracellular protozoa, such as Toxoplasma gondii, through the production of nitric oxide. The present study aimed to evaluate the protection generated by treatment with viable and non-viable Lc in the murine systemic toxoplasmosis model. CD1 male mice were treated with viable Lc (immunobiotic) and non-viable Lc (paraprobiotic), infected with tachyzoites of Toxoplasma gondii RH strain. The reduction of the parasitic load, activation of peritoneal macrophages, inflammatory cytokines, and cell populations was evaluated at 7 days post-infection, in addition to the survival. The immunobiotic and paraprobiotic reduced the parasitic load, but only the immunobiotic increased the activation of peritoneal macrophages, and the production of interferon-gamma (IFN-\u03b3), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) while the paraprobiotic increased the production of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and T CD4+CD44+ lymphocytes. Viable and non-viable Lc increases survival but does not prevent the death of animals. The results provide evidence about the remote immunological stimulation of viable and non-viable Lc in an in vivo parasitic model.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8010113","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,15]],"date-time":"2020-01-15T03:20:22Z","timestamp":1579058422000},"page":"113","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Immunobiotic and Paraprobiotic Potential Effect of Lactobacillus casei in a Systemic Toxoplasmosis Murine Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3757-6209","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angel Gustavo","family":"Salas-Lais","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Microbiolog\u00eda y Prote\u00f3mica Ocular de la Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n del Instituto de Oftalmolog\u00eda \u201cFundaci\u00f3n de Asistencia Privada Conde de Valenciana I.A.P.\u201d, Chimalpopoca 14, Obrera, Ciudad de Mexico 06800, Mexico"},{"name":"Laboratorio de T\u00e9cnicas Fotot\u00e9rmicas, Departamento de Ciencias B\u00e1sicas, Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Biotecnolog\u00eda del Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Acueducto 550, La Laguna Ticom\u00e1n, Ciudad de Mexico 07340, Mexico"},{"name":"Programa de Posgrado en Biomedicina y Biotecnolog\u00eda Molecular, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8393-3556","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Atz\u00edn","family":"Robles-Contreras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c1rea de Imunoprote\u00f3mica Ocular, Departamento Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica, Fundaci\u00f3n Hospital \u201cNuestra Se\u00f1ora de la Luz\u201d, Ezequiel Montes 135, Tabacalera, Ciudad de Mexico 06030, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Abraham","family":"Balderas-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de T\u00e9cnicas Fotot\u00e9rmicas, Departamento de Ciencias B\u00e1sicas, Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Biotecnolog\u00eda del Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Acueducto 550, La Laguna Ticom\u00e1n, Ciudad de Mexico 07340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1836-8738","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victor Manuel","family":"Bautista-de Lucio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Microbiolog\u00eda y Prote\u00f3mica Ocular de la Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n del Instituto de Oftalmolog\u00eda \u201cFundaci\u00f3n de Asistencia Privada Conde de Valenciana I.A.P.\u201d, Chimalpopoca 14, Obrera, Ciudad de Mexico 06800, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612053382395","article-title":"The importance of guidelines in the development and application of probiotics","volume":"11","author":"Reid","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr. 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