{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T22:31:15Z","timestamp":1792017075738,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,14]],"date-time":"2020-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1578960000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Toscana virus (TOSV) is endemic in the Mediterranean basin, where it is transmitted by sand flies. TOSV can infect humans and cause febrile illness as well as neuroinvasive infections affecting the central and peripheral nervous systems. Although TOSV is a significant human pathogen, it remains neglected and there are consequently many gaps of knowledge. Recent seroepidemiology studies and case reports showed that TOSV\u2019s geographic distribution is much wider than was assumed a decade ago. The apparent extension of the TOSV circulation area raises the question of the sandfly species that are able to transmit the virus in natural conditions. Phlebotomus (Ph.) perniciosus and Ph. perfiliewi were historically identified as competent species. Recent results suggest that other species of sand flies could be competent for TOSV maintenance and transmission. Here we organize current knowledge in entomology, epidemiology, and virology supporting the possible existence of additional phlebotomine species such as Ph. longicuspis, Ph. sergenti, Ph. tobbi, Ph. neglectus, and Sergentomyia minuta in TOSV maintenance. We also highlight some of the knowledge gaps to be addressed in future studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8010114","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,15]],"date-time":"2020-01-15T03:20:22Z","timestamp":1579058422000},"page":"114","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["Broader Geographical Distribution of Toscana Virus in the Mediterranean Region Suggests the Existence of Larger Varieties of Sand Fly Vectors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4979-6794","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nazli","family":"Ayhan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 des Virus Emergents (Aix-Marseille Univ\u2013IRD 190\u2013Inserm 1207\u2013IHU M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e Infection), 13005 Marseille, France"},{"name":"Unit\u00e9 de Virologie EA7310 Bioscope, Universit\u00e9 de Corse Pasquale Paoli (UCPP), 20250 Corte, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorian","family":"Prudhomme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR MIVEGEC (IRD\u2014CNRS\u2014Universit\u00e9 de Montpellier), 911 avenue Agropolis, F34394 Montpellier, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lison","family":"Laroche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR MIVEGEC (IRD\u2014CNRS\u2014Universit\u00e9 de Montpellier), 911 avenue Agropolis, F34394 Montpellier, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2106-8667","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne-Laure","family":"Ba\u00f1uls","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR MIVEGEC (IRD\u2014CNRS\u2014Universit\u00e9 de Montpellier), 911 avenue Agropolis, F34394 Montpellier, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7675-8251","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Remi N.","family":"Charrel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 des Virus Emergents (Aix-Marseille Univ\u2013IRD 190\u2013Inserm 1207\u2013IHU M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e Infection), 13005 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2295","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-018-3843-5","article-title":"Taxonomy of the family Arenaviridae and the order Bunyavirales: Update 2018","volume":"163","author":"Maes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. 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