{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T11:20:08Z","timestamp":1791890408899,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":145,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,17]],"date-time":"2020-01-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1579219200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Listeria species are Gram-positive, rod-shaped, facultative anaerobic bacteria, which do not produce endospores. The genus, Listeria, currently comprises 17 characterised species of which only two (L. monocytogenes and L. ivanovii) are known to be pathogenic to humans. Food products and related processing environments are commonly contaminated with pathogenic species. Outbreaks and sporadic cases of human infections resulted in considerable economic loss. South Africa witnessed the world\u2019s largest listeriosis outbreak, characterised by a progressive increase in cases of the disease from January 2017 to July 2018. Of the 1060 laboratory-confirmed cases of listeriosis reported by the National Institute of Communicable Diseases (NICD), 216 deaths were recorded. Epidemiological investigations indicated that ready-to-eat processed meat products from a food production facility contaminated with L. monocytogenes was responsible for the outbreak. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) revealed that a large proportion (91%) of the isolates from patients were sequence type 6 (ST6). Recent studies revealed a recurrent occurrence of small outbreaks of listeriosis with more severe side-effects in humans. This review provides a comparative analysis of a recently reported and most severe outbreak of listeriosis in South Africa, with those previously encountered in other countries worldwide. The review focuses on the transmission of the pathogen, clinical symptoms of the disease and its pathogenicity. The review also focuses on the major outbreaks of listeriosis reported in different parts of the world, sources of contamination, morbidity, and mortality rates as well as cost implications. Based on data generated during the outbreak of the disease in South Africa, listeriosis was added to the South African list of mandatory notifiable medical conditions. Surveillance systems were strengthened in the South African food chain in order to assist in preventing and facilitating early detection of both sporadic cases and outbreaks of infections caused by these pathogens in humans.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8010135","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,17]],"date-time":"2020-01-17T07:39:02Z","timestamp":1579246742000},"page":"135","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":111,"title":["Listeriosis Outbreak in South Africa: A Comparative Analysis with Previously Reported Cases Worldwide"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6792-9805","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christ-Donald","family":"Kaptchouang Tchatchouang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, North-West University, Mafikeng Campus, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justine","family":"Fri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, North-West University, Mafikeng Campus, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2983-8344","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mauro","family":"De Santi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, via S. Chiara 27, 61029 Urbino (PU), Italy"},{"name":"Department of Humanities, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, via Bramante 17, 61029 Urbino (PU), Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giorgio","family":"Brandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, via S. Chiara 27, 61029 Urbino (PU), Italy"},{"name":"Department of Humanities, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, via Bramante 17, 61029 Urbino (PU), Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuditta Fiorella","family":"Schiavano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Humanities, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, via Bramante 17, 61029 Urbino (PU), Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0547-5107","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulia","family":"Amagliani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, via S. Chiara 27, 61029 Urbino (PU), Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0227-1432","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Collins Njie","family":"Ateba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, North-West University, Mafikeng Campus, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa"},{"name":"Food Security and Safety Niche Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Mafikeng Campus, Mmabatho, Mafikeng 2735, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1700290409","article-title":"A disease of rabbits characterised by a large mononuclear leucocytosis, caused by a hitherto undescribed bacillus Bacterium monocytogenes (n. sp.)","volume":"29","author":"Murray","year":"1926","journal-title":"J. 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