{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T14:01:08Z","timestamp":1793196068838,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,18]],"date-time":"2020-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1581984000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003196","name":"Ministero della Salute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RC 13\/18"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RC 13\/18"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Despite the availability of a safe and effective vaccine, in 2018, around 350,000 measles cases were reported worldwide, which resulted in an estimate of 142,300 deaths from measles. Additionally, in 2017, global measles cases spiked, causing the death of 110,000 people, mostly children under the age of 5 years and immunocompromised adults. The increase in measles incidence is caused by the ongoing reduction of vaccination coverage. This event has triggered public and scientific interest. For this reason, we reviewed the pathophysiology of measles infection, focusing on mechanisms by which the virus spreads systemically through the host organism. By reaching the lymphocytes from the airways through a \u201ctrojan horse\u201d strategy, measles induces an immunosuppression status. H and F glycoproteins, both expressed in the envelope, ensure attachment of the virus to host cells and spreading from one cell to another by binding to several receptors, as described in detail. The severity of the disease depends both on the age and underlying conditions of patients as well as the social and health context in which epidemics spread, and is often burdened by sequelae and complications that may occur several years after infection. Particular attention was paid to special groups that are more susceptible to severe or atypical measles. An overview of microbiology, symptoms, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment completes and enriches the review.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8020276","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,18]],"date-time":"2020-02-18T10:10:25Z","timestamp":1582020625000},"page":"276","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":92,"title":["Measles: An Overview of a Re-Emerging Disease in Children and Immunocompromised Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Andrea","family":"Misin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano Isontina (ASU GI), Via G.L. Gatteri 25\/1, 34125 Trieste, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberta Maria","family":"Antonello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Trieste, Strada di Fiume 447, 34149 Trieste, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6121-7009","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano","family":"Di Bella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano Isontina (ASU GI), Via G.L. Gatteri 25\/1, 34125 Trieste, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2307-5537","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppina","family":"Campisciano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SSD of Advanced Microbiology Diagnosis and Translational Research, Institute for Maternal and Child Health\u2014IRCCS \u201cBurlo Garofolo\u201d, Via dell\u2019Istria 65\/1, 34137 Trieste, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nunzia","family":"Zanotta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SSD of Advanced Microbiology Diagnosis and Translational Research, Institute for Maternal and Child Health\u2014IRCCS \u201cBurlo Garofolo\u201d, Via dell\u2019Istria 65\/1, 34137 Trieste, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2385-1759","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniele Roberto","family":"Giacobbe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Unit, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino\u2014IRCCS, L.go R. Benzi 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), University of Genoa, Via A. Pastore 1, 16132 Genoa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manola","family":"Comar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SSD of Advanced Microbiology Diagnosis and Translational Research, Institute for Maternal and Child Health\u2014IRCCS \u201cBurlo Garofolo\u201d, Via dell\u2019Istria 65\/1, 34137 Trieste, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, Piazzale Europa 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5546-0715","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"Luzzati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano Isontina (ASU GI), Via G.L. Gatteri 25\/1, 34125 Trieste, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2490","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)31463-0","article-title":"Measles","volume":"390","author":"Moss","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S4","DOI":"10.1086\/377712","article-title":"The clinical significance of measles: A review","volume":"189","author":"Perry","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Infect. 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