{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T01:37:09Z","timestamp":1792805829177,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,4]],"date-time":"2020-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1583280000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["2017YFD0500403"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017YFD0500403"]}]},{"name":"NSFC grants","award":["31872460"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31872460"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017YFD0500405"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017YFD0500405"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017YFD0501305"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017YFD0501305"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006407","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Henan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["162300410129"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["162300410129"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006407","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Key Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["31330079"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31330079"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cryptosporidium parvum is a zoonotic intracellular protozoan responsible for the diarrheal illness cryptosporidiosis in humans and animals. Although a number of zoite surface proteins are known to be expressed during, and believed to be involved in, attachment and invasion of host cells, the molecular mechanisms by which C. parvum invades the host epithelial cells are not well understood. In the present study, we investigated the gene expression patterns, protein localization in developmental stages in culture, and in vitro neutralization characteristics of Cpgp40\/15 and Cpgp40. Indirect immunofluorescence assay showed that Cpgp40\/15 is associated with the parasitophorous vacuole membrane (PVM) during intracellular development. Both anti-gp40\/15 and anti-gp40 antibodies demonstrated the ability to neutralize C. parvum infection in vitro. Further studies are needed to fully understand the specific role and functional mechanism of Cpgp40\/15 (or gp40\/15 complex) in the invasion of the host or in the PVM and to determine the feasibility of gp40\/15 as a vaccine candidate for cryptosporidiosis in vivo.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8030363","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,4]],"date-time":"2020-03-04T10:46:08Z","timestamp":1583318768000},"page":"363","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Cryptosporidium parvum gp40\/15 Is Associated with the Parasitophorous Vacuole Membrane and Is a Potential Vaccine Target"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Zhaohui","family":"Cui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luyang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuexin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rongjun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingfei","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5706-131X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Longxian","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60844-2","article-title":"Burden and aetiology of diarrhoeal disease in infants and young children in developing countries (the Global Enteric Multicenter Study, GEMS): A prospective, case-control study","volume":"382","author":"Kotloff","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e3283437e88","article-title":"Cryptosporidiosis in patients with HIV\/AIDS","volume":"25","author":"Shaffie","year":"2011","journal-title":"Aids"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2006.02.015","article-title":"Giardia and Cryptosporidium join the \u2018Neglected Diseases Initiative\u2019","volume":"22","author":"Savioli","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1488","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182011000035","article-title":"Treatment and prevention of cryptosporidiosis: What options are there for a country like Zambia?","volume":"138","author":"Kelly","year":"2011","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/46.1.57","article-title":"Efficacy of nitazoxanide, tizoxanide and tizoxanide glucuronide against Cryptosporidium parvum development in sporozoite-infected HCT-8 enterocytic cells","volume":"46","author":"Gargala","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2017.02.006","article-title":"Pathogenic Mechanisms of Cryptosporidium and Giardia","volume":"33","author":"Certad","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, R., Guo, Y., Li, N., Zhang, Q., Wu, H., Ryan, U., Feng, Y., and Xiao, L. (2019). Characterization of INS-15, A Metalloprotease Potentially Involved in the Invasion of Cryptosporidium parvum. Microorganisms, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms7100452"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1923","DOI":"10.1007\/s11274-015-1936-9","article-title":"Identification of invasion proteins of Cryptosporidium parvum","volume":"31","author":"Singh","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00076-12","article-title":"Cryptosporidium pathogenicity and virulence","volume":"26","author":"Bouzid","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.2217\/17460913.1.2.201","article-title":"Molecular basis of Cryptosporidium-host cell interactions: Recent advances and future prospects","volume":"1","author":"Wanyiri","year":"2006","journal-title":"Future Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(01)00356-3","article-title":"Cryptosporidium virulence determinants\u2014Are we there yet?","volume":"32","author":"Okhuysen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, H., Guo, F., and Zhu, G. (2015). Cryptosporidium Lactate Dehydrogenase Is Associated with the Parasitophorous Vacuole Membrane and Is a Potential Target for Developing Therapeutics. PLoS Pathog., 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005250"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4117","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.7.4117-4134.2000","article-title":"Cloning and sequence analysis of a highly polymorphic Cryptosporidium parvum gene encoding a 60-kilodalton glycoprotein and characterization of its 15- and 45-kilodalton zoite surface antigen products","volume":"68","author":"Strong","year":"2000","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4108","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.7.4108-4116.2000","article-title":"Molecular cloning and expression of a gene encoding Cryptosporidium parvum glycoproteins gp40 and gp15","volume":"68","author":"Cevallos","year":"2000","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6027","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.71.10.6027-6034.2003","article-title":"Expression of Cpgp40\/15 in Toxoplasma gondii: A surrogate system for the study of Cryptosporidium glycoprotein antigens","volume":"71","author":"Kim","year":"2003","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1007\/s101420000028","article-title":"Characterization of a major sporozoite surface glycoprotein of Cryptosporidum parvum","volume":"1","author":"Winter","year":"2000","journal-title":"Funct. Integr. Genom."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbiopara.2007.07.010","article-title":"Cryptosporidium parvum glycoprotein gp40 localizes to the sporozoite surface by association with gp15","volume":"156","author":"Wanyiri","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Biochem. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fawpar.2017.09.002","article-title":"Molecular epidemiologic tools for waterborne pathogens Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis","volume":"8\u20139","author":"Xiao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Waterborne Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4437","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.49.11.4437-4442.2005","article-title":"Application of quantitative real-time reverse transcription-PCR in assessing drug efficacy against the intracellular pathogen Cryptosporidium parvum in vitro","volume":"49","author":"Cai","year":"2005","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1262","article-title":"Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta C(T)) Method","volume":"25","author":"Livak","year":"2001","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00944-06","article-title":"Proteolytic processing of the Cryptosporidium glycoprotein gp40\/15 by human furin and by a parasite-derived furin-like protease activity","volume":"75","author":"Wanyiri","year":"2007","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.00288-09","article-title":"Evidence for mucin-like glycoproteins that tether sporozoites of Cryptosporidium parvum to the inner surface of the oocyst wall","volume":"9","author":"Chatterjee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eukaryot. Cell"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2355","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.28944-0","article-title":"Functional characterization of a fatty acyl-CoA-binding protein (ACBP) from the apicomplexan Cryptosporidium parvum","volume":"152","author":"Zeng","year":"2006","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2018","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.00210-07","article-title":"Cryptosporidium parvum long-chain fatty acid elongase","volume":"6","author":"Fritzler","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eukaryot. Cell"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mauzy, M., Enomoto, S., Lancto, C., Abrahamsen, M., and Rutherford, M. (2012). The Cryptosporidium parvum transcriptome during in vitro development. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0031715"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2017.10.007","article-title":"RNA-Seq analysis during the life cycle of Cryptosporidium parvum reveals significant differential gene expression between proliferating stages in the intestine and infectious sporozoites","volume":"48","author":"Lippuner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-2754-3","article-title":"Transcriptome analysis of pig intestinal cell monolayers infected with Cryptosporidium parvum asexual stages","volume":"11","author":"Mirhashemi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16324","DOI":"10.1038\/srep16324","article-title":"Revisiting the reference genomes of human pathogenic Cryptosporidium species: Reannotation of C. parvum Iowa and a new C. hominis reference","volume":"5","author":"Isaza","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7856","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-44289-x","article-title":"The transcriptome of Cryptosporidium oocysts and intracellular stages","volume":"9","author":"Matos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2226","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-019-0539-x","article-title":"Life cycle progression and sexual development of the apicomplexan parasite Cryptosporidium parvum","volume":"4","author":"Tandel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1080\/14787210.2018.1500457","article-title":"Novel treatment strategies and drugs in development for cryptosporidiosis","volume":"16","author":"Chavez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Anti-Infect. Ther."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2006.08.003","article-title":"Molecular targets for detection and immunotherapy in Cryptosporidium parvum","volume":"25","author":"Lee","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Adv."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60119-0","article-title":"Antibody-based immunotherapy of cryptosporidiosis","volume":"40","author":"Crabb","year":"1998","journal-title":"Adv. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6703","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2018.09.044","article-title":"Cryptosporidium spp. CP15 and CSL protein-derived synthetic peptides\u2019 immunogenicity and in vitro seroneutralisation capability","volume":"36","author":"Avendano","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1787","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.158.4.1787","article-title":"Protective monoclonal antibody defines a circumsporozoite-like glycoprotein exoantigen of Cryptosporidium parvum sporozoites and merozoites","volume":"158","author":"Riggs","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1038\/nature22337","article-title":"A Cryptosporidium PI(4)K inhibitor is a drug candidate for cryptosporidiosis","volume":"546","author":"Manjunatha","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jix247","article-title":"Necessity of bumped kinase inhibitor gastrointestinal exposure in treating Cryptosporidium infection","volume":"216","author":"Arnold","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."}],"container-title":["Microorganisms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/8\/3\/363\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:04:06Z","timestamp":1760173446000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/8\/3\/363"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,4]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]}},"alternative-id":["microorganisms8030363"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms8030363","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2607"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2607","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,4]]}}}