{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T16:34:58Z","timestamp":1792686898403,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,13]],"date-time":"2020-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1584057600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"NSFC","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31500101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31500101"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the fundamental research funds for the central university","award":["lzujbky\u20132019\u201348, lzujbky\u20132018\u201316"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["lzujbky\u20132019\u201348, lzujbky\u20132018\u201316"]}]},{"name":"key laboratory fund of Qinghai Province","award":["2013-Z-Y03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2013-Z-Y03"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this work, we investigate differences in gut microbial diversity driven by drug use or by the widely used methods for drug cessation: methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) and compulsory detention (CD). Methods: 99 participants (28 CD participants, 16 MMT patients, 27 drug users, and 28 healthy controls) were selected using strict inclusion criteria. Nutritional intake and gut microbial diversity were analyzed with bioinformatics tools and SPSS 20.0. Results: Alpha diversity was not significantly different among groups, whereas beta diversity of gut microbiota and nutrient intake were significantly higher among MMT patients. Taxa were unevenly distributed between groups, with drug users having the highest proportion of Ruminococcus and MMT patients having the highest abundance of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus. Conclusion: Drug use, cessation method, and diet contribute to shaping human gut communities. High beta diversity among MMT patients is likely driven by methadone use and high nutrient intake, leading to increased orexin A and enrichment for beneficial bacteria, while diversity in CD participants is largely influenced by diet.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8030411","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,17]],"date-time":"2020-03-17T09:27:41Z","timestamp":1584437261000},"page":"411","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Differences in Gut Microbial Diversity are Driven by Drug Use and Drug Cessation by Either Compulsory Detention or Methadone Maintenance Treatment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Qiaoyan","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, No. 222 TianshuiNanlu, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siqi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, No. 222 TianshuiNanlu, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ke","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, No. 222 TianshuiNanlu, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danfeng","family":"Long","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, No. 222 TianshuiNanlu, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diru","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, No. 222 TianshuiNanlu, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhengchao","family":"Jing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mengzi Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Mengzi 661199, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8741-2785","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaodan","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, No. 222 TianshuiNanlu, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"298","article-title":"Prevalence of DSM-IV-defined mood, anxiety, and substance use disorders in an HIV clinic in the southeastern United States","volume":"42","author":"Pence","year":"2006","journal-title":"Aids J. 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