{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T20:08:48Z","timestamp":1793736528822,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,27]],"date-time":"2020-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1585267200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Spinal infection poses a demanding diagnostic and treatment problem for which a multidisciplinary approach with spine surgeons, radiologists, and infectious disease specialists is required. Infections are usually caused by bacterial microorganisms, although fungal infections can also occur. The most common route for spinal infection is through hematogenous spread of the microorganism from a distant infected area. Most patients with spinal infections diagnosed in early stages can be successfully managed conservatively with antibiotics, bed rest, and spinal braces. In cases of gross or pending instability, progressive neurological deficits, failure of conservative treatment, spinal abscess formation, severe symptoms indicating sepsis, and failure of previous conservative treatment, surgical treatment is required. In either case, close monitoring of the patients with spinal infection with serial neurological examinations and imaging studies is necessary.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8040476","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,1]],"date-time":"2020-04-01T15:37:21Z","timestamp":1585755441000},"page":"476","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":191,"title":["Spinal Infections: An Update"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3695-0759","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas G.","family":"Tsantes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"First Department of Orthopaedics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, 11527 Athens, Greece"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dimitrios V.","family":"Papadopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Department of Orthopaedics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georgia","family":"Vrioni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Spyridon","family":"Sioutis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Department of Orthopaedics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Sapkas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Department of Orthopaedics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Benzakour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spinal Surgery Office, Clinique de l\u2019 Archette, 45160 Olivet, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thami","family":"Benzakour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zerktouni Orthopaedic Clinic, 20000 Casablanca, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8823-448X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Angelini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics and Orthopaedic Oncology, University of Padova, 35128 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9617-9882","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pietro","family":"Ruggieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics and Orthopaedic Oncology, University of Padova, 35128 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0807-0719","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas F.","family":"Mavrogenis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Department of Orthopaedics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2017.01.003","article-title":"Infections of the Spine","volume":"31","author":"Babic","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infect. 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