{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T16:06:11Z","timestamp":1781280371015,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,8]],"date-time":"2020-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1586304000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science Foundation for Young Scientists of China","award":["31802072"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31802072"]}]},{"name":"the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Institute, the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program","award":["ASTIP-IAS07"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ASTIP-IAS07"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The use of prebiotics to regulate gut microbiota is a promising strategy to improve gut health. Pectin (PEC) is a prebiotic carbohydrate that enhances the health of the gut by promoting the growth of beneficial microbes. These microbes produce metabolites that are known to improve mucosal immune responses. This study was conducted to better understand effects of PEC on the microbiome and mucosal immunity in pigs. Pigs were fed two diets, with or without 5% apple PEC, for 72 days. Effects of PEC on the microbiota, cytokine expression, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) concentration and barrier function were examined in the ileum and cecum of the pigs. An integrative analysis was used to determine interactions of PEC consumption with bacterial metabolites and microbiome composition and host mucosal responses. Consumption of PEC reduced expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IFN-\u03b3, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12 and IL-18, and the activation of the pro-inflammatory NF-\u03baB signaling cascade. Expression of MUC2 and TFF and the sIgA content was upregulated in the mucosa of PEC-fed pigs. Network analysis revealed that PEC induced significant interactions between microbiome composition in the ileum and cecum on mucosal immune pathways. PEC-induced changes in bacterial genera and fermentation metabolites, such as Akkermansia, Faecalibacterium, Oscillibacter, Lawsonia and butyrate, correlated with the differentially expressed genes and cytokines in the mucosa. In summary, the results demonstrate the anti-inflammatory properties of PEC on mucosal immune status in the ileum and cecum effected through modulation of the host microbiome.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8040535","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,9]],"date-time":"2020-04-09T03:40:19Z","timestamp":1586403619000},"page":"535","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Modulation of Pectin on Mucosal Innate Immune Function in Pigs Mediated by Gut Microbiota"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Weida","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8400-1742","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Li","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bing","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4909-2842","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shanlong","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4343-2519","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jingjing","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongfu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3444","article-title":"Gut microbiota metabolism of dietary fiber influences allergic airway disease and hematopoiesis","volume":"20","author":"Trompette","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. 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