{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T01:42:54Z","timestamp":1792806174973,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,14]],"date-time":"2020-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1586822400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Iron is an important constituent of our environment, being necessary for both mammalian and pathogenic protozoa survival. Iron-containing proteins exert a wide range of biological processes such as biodegradation and biosynthesis, as well as immune function, fetal development, and physical and mental well-being. This work aimed to investigate the effect of iron deprivation in Toxoplasma gondii infection outcome. C57BL\/6 mice were orally infected with T. gondii and treated with an iron chelator, deferoxamine, or supplemented with iron (ferrous sulfate), and the parasitism as well as immunological and histological parameters were analyzed. It was observed that the infection increased iron accumulation in the organs, as well as systemically, and deferoxamine treatment diminished the iron content in serum samples and intestine. The deferoxamine treatment decreased the parasitism and inflammatory alterations in the small intestine and lung. Additionally, they partially preserved the Paneth cells and decreased the intestinal dysbiosis. The ferrous sulfate supplementation, despite not significantly increasing the parasite load in the organs, increased the inflammatory alterations in the liver. Together, our results suggest that iron chelation, which is commonly used to treat iron overload, could be a promising medicine to control T. gondii proliferation, mainly in the small intestine, and consequently inflammation caused by infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8040560","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,15]],"date-time":"2020-04-15T04:01:46Z","timestamp":1586923306000},"page":"560","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["The Availability of Iron Is Involved in the Murine Experimental Toxoplasma gondii Infection Outcome"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0678-6011","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00e1rio C\u00e9zar","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Immunopathology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberl\u00e2ndia, Uberl\u00e2ndia 38408-100, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Loyane Bertagnolli","family":"Coutinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Immunopathology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberl\u00e2ndia, Uberl\u00e2ndia 38408-100, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3835-1925","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcos Paulo Oliveira","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Immunopathology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberl\u00e2ndia, Uberl\u00e2ndia 38408-100, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7875-1686","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marisol Pallete","family":"Brice\u00f1o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Immunopathology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberl\u00e2ndia, Uberl\u00e2ndia 38408-100, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ester Cristina Borges","family":"Araujo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Immunopathology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberl\u00e2ndia, Uberl\u00e2ndia 38408-100, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3615-1340","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neide Maria","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Immunopathology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberl\u00e2ndia, Uberl\u00e2ndia 38408-100, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3863","article-title":"Iron homeostasis in host defence and inflammation","volume":"15","author":"Ganz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. 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