{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T00:43:05Z","timestamp":1777077785673,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,20]],"date-time":"2020-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1587340800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Japan Agency for Medical Research (AMED)","award":["19fk0108043h8003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19fk0108043h8003"]}]},{"name":"the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology of Japan","award":["153532"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["153532"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study describes the first full genomic sequence of an mcr-9 and blaVIM-4-carrying multidrug-resistant Enterobacter hormaechei clinical isolate from Egypt. The strain was isolated in April 2015 from the sputum of a patient in Cairo, Egypt. The mcr-9 and blaVIM-4 genes were identified by PCR screening and DNA sequencing; the isolate was subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing, conjugation experiments, and whole genomic sequencing. mcr-9 and blaVIM-4 were carried by an IncHI2 plasmid, pAMS-38a (281,121 bp in size); the plasmid also carried genes conferring resistance against sulfonamides (sul1), quinolones (qnrA1), trimethoprim (dfrA1), \u03b2-lactams (blaTEM-1B), aminoglycosides (aac (6\u2019)-II, aadA23, aadA2b, and ant(2\u2019\u2019)-Ia). The strain was susceptible to colistin (MIC, &lt;0.25 \u03bcg\/mL); this could be due to the absence of the qseC\/qseB regulatory system located downstream of mcr-9 in Enterobacterales, which is involved in the induction of colistin-resistance. The genetic context of mcr-9 and blaVIM-4 was identified as IS1-mcr-9-IS903-pcoS-\u2206pcoE-rcnA and intI1-blaVIM-4\u2014aac (6\u2019)-II-dfrA1-\u2206aadA23-smr-ISPa21-qacE\u22061, respectively. This is the first report of an mcr-9 and blaVIM-4 \/IncHI2-carrying multidrug-resistant E. hormaechei clinical isolate from Africa and the Middle East. Plasmids of the IncHI2 group and the two insertion sequences (IS1, and IS903) might be the main vehicles for dissemination of mcr-9. Further screening for mcr-9 is essential for identifying its incidence and to prevent its dissemination.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8040595","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,21]],"date-time":"2020-04-21T03:23:06Z","timestamp":1587439386000},"page":"595","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Emergence of a Multidrug-Resistant Enterobacter hormaechei Clinical Isolate from Egypt Co-Harboring mcr-9 and blaVIM-4"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4465-5028","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed M.","family":"Soliman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Hygiene, Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh 33516, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2347-616X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fumito","family":"Maruyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbial Genomics and Ecology, Office of Academic Research and Industry-Government Collaboration, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8530, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hoda O.","family":"Zarad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Hygiene, Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Atsushi","family":"Ota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbial Genomics and Ecology, Office of Academic Research and Industry-Government Collaboration, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8530, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hirofumi","family":"Nariya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Hygiene, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Toshi","family":"Shimamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Hygiene, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5538-0595","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tadashi","family":"Shimamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Hygiene, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2014). 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