{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]],"date-time":"2025-11-12T05:49:39Z","timestamp":1762926579820,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,7]],"date-time":"2020-05-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1588809600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["098\/2012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["098\/2012"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["APP1031943"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APP1031943"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cryptococcosis, a potentially fatal mycosis in humans, is acquired via exposure to exogenous environmental sources. This study aimed to investigate the frequency, genetic diversity, and virulence of cryptococcal strains isolated from indoor dust in the Rio Negro micro-region of the Brazilian Amazon. A total of 8.9% of the studied houses were positive, recovering nine Cryptococcus neoformans VNI and 16 C. gattii VGII isolates, revealing an endemic pattern in domestic microenvironments. The International Society for Human and Animal Mycology (ISHAM) consensus multilocus sequence typing (MLST) scheme for the C. neoformans\/C. gattii species complexes identified two sequence types (STs), ST93 and ST5, amongst C. neoformans isolates and six STs amongst C. gattii isolates, including the Vancouver Island Outbreak ST7 (VGIIa) and ST20 (VGIIb), the Australian ST5, and ST264, ST268 and ST445, being unique to the studied region. Virulence studies in the Galleria mellonella model showed that five C. gattii strains and one C. neoformans strain showed a similar pathogenic potential to the highly virulent Vancouver Island outbreak strain CDR265 (VGIIa). The findings of this study indicate that humans can be exposed to the agents of cryptococcosis via house dust, forming the basis for future studies to analyze the impact of early and continuous exposure to indoor dust on the development of subclinical or clinical infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8050682","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,8]],"date-time":"2020-05-08T03:45:20Z","timestamp":1588909520000},"page":"682","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Indoor Dust as a Source of Virulent Strains of the Agents of Cryptococcosis in the Rio Negro Micro-Region of the Brazilian Amazon"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7547-5172","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"F\u00e1bio","family":"Brito-Santos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mycology Laboratory, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil"},{"name":"Molecular Mycology Research Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Medical School, Westmead Clinical School, Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Westmead Hospital (Research and Education Network), Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney 2006, NSW, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luciana","family":"Trilles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mycology Laboratory, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7547-5172","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carolina","family":"Firacative","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Mycology Research Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Medical School, Westmead Clinical School, Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Westmead Hospital (Research and Education Network), Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney 2006, NSW, Australia"},{"name":"Studies in Translational Microbiology and Emerging Diseases (MICROS) Research Group, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogot\u00e1 541038, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bodo","family":"Wanke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mycology Laboratory, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Filipe Anibal","family":"Carvalho-Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology and Systematics, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00edlia Martins","family":"Nishikawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Quality Control in Health, INCQS\/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jonas","family":"Pereira Campos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mycology Laboratory, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Angela Cristina Ver\u00edssimo","family":"Junqueira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Parasitology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amanda Coutinho de","family":"Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Parasitology, Oswaldo Cruz 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Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00357-16","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00357-16","article-title":"The Case for Adopting the \u201cSpecies Complex\u201d Nomenclature for the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis","volume":"2","author":"Bennett","year":"2017","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30243-8","article-title":"Global burden of disease of HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis: an updated analysis","volume":"17","author":"Rajasingham","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. 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