{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T22:07:01Z","timestamp":1792620421153,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":217,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,8]],"date-time":"2020-05-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1588896000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006692","name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Torino","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RILO1901"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RILO1901"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006692","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), a linear double-stranded DNA betaherpesvirus belonging to the family of Herpesviridae, is characterized by widespread seroprevalence, ranging between 56% and 94%, strictly dependent on the socioeconomic background of the country being considered. Typically, HCMV causes asymptomatic infection in the immunocompetent population, while in immunocompromised individuals or when transmitted vertically from the mother to the fetus it leads to systemic disease with severe complications and high mortality rate. Following primary infection, HCMV establishes a state of latency primarily in myeloid cells, from which it can be reactivated by various inflammatory stimuli. Several studies have shown that HCMV, despite being a DNA virus, is highly prone to genetic variability that strongly influences its replication and dissemination rates as well as cellular tropism. In this scenario, the few currently available drugs for the treatment of HCMV infections are characterized by high toxicity, poor oral bioavailability, and emerging resistance. Here, we review past and current literature that has greatly advanced our understanding of the biology and genetics of HCMV, stressing the urgent need for innovative and safe anti-HCMV therapies and effective vaccines to treat and prevent HCMV infections, particularly in vulnerable populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8050685","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,8]],"date-time":"2020-05-08T03:45:20Z","timestamp":1588909520000},"page":"685","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":88,"title":["Where do we Stand after Decades of Studying Human Cytomegalovirus?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Francesca","family":"Gugliesi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Pathogenesis of Viral Infections, Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Coscia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Complex Structure Neonatology Unit, Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gloria","family":"Griffante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Pathogenesis of Viral Infections, Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9365-6751","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ganna","family":"Galitska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Pathogenesis of Viral Infections, Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Selina","family":"Pasquero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Pathogenesis of Viral Infections, Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0847-6332","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Camilla","family":"Albano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Pathogenesis of Viral Infections, Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7675-0762","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matteo","family":"Biolatti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Pathogenesis of Viral Infections, Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arvin, A., Campadelli-Fiume, G., Mocarski, E., Moore, P.S., Roizman, B., Whitley, R., and Yamanishi, K. (2007). Human Herpesviruses: Biology, Therapy, and Immunoprophylaxis, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511545313"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"63","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus cell tropism","volume":"325","author":"Sinzger","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1002\/path.4437","article-title":"The pathogenesis of human cytomegalovirus","volume":"235","author":"Griffiths","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-7258(03)00034-2","article-title":"The human cytomegalovirus","volume":"98","author":"Landolfo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2034","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.2034","article-title":"Estimation of the worldwide seroprevalence of cytomegalovirus: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"29","author":"Zuhair","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00034-08","article-title":"Immunobiology of human cytomegalovirus: From bench to bedside","volume":"22","author":"Crough","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1097\/ANC.0000000000000242","article-title":"Congenital Cytomegalovirus","volume":"16","author":"Mestas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Neonat. Care"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Knipe, D.M., and Howley, P.M. (2007). Cytomegaloviruses. Fields Virology, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1439","DOI":"10.1086\/652438","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus seroprevalence in the United States: The national health and nutrition examination surveys, 1988\u20132004","volume":"50","author":"Bate","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-198603000-00005","article-title":"Clinical and laboratory evaluation of cytomegalovirus-induced mononucleosis in previously healthy individuals. Report of 82 cases","volume":"65","author":"Horwitz","year":"1986","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-198503000-00003","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus infection in the normal host","volume":"64","author":"Cohen","year":"1985","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idcr.2018.e00442","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus infection in immunocompetent adults: Is observation still the best strategy?","volume":"14","author":"Nangle","year":"2018","journal-title":"IDCases"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.14740\/jmc2265w","article-title":"Cytomegalic Infection in an Immunocompetent Patient: A Case With Multiple Organ Dysfunction","volume":"6","author":"Urbano","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Med. Cases"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6156581","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/6156581","article-title":"A Practical Review of Cytomegalovirus in Gastroenterology and Hepatology","volume":"2019","author":"Fakhreddine","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-5-47","article-title":"Severe cytomegalovirus infection in apparently immunocompetent patients: A systematic review","volume":"5","author":"Rafailidis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dioverti, M.V., and Razonable, R.R. (2016). Cytomegalovirus. Microbiol. Spectr., 4.","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.DMIH2-0022-2015"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiv148","article-title":"The Sordid Affair Between Human Herpesvirus and HIV","volume":"212","author":"Gianella","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2006.03.005","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus disease in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)","volume":"37","author":"Steininger","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ840","article-title":"CD8 T-Cell Expansion and Inflammation Linked to CMV Coinfection in ART-treated HIV Infection","volume":"62","author":"Freeman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1474","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jir060","article-title":"Valganciclovir reduces T cell activation in HIV-infected individuals with incomplete CD4+ T cell recovery on antiretroviral therapy","volume":"203","author":"Hunt","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"237","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus retinitis in HIV\/AIDS patients","volume":"7","author":"Chiotan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Med. Life"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ho, M., Invernizzi, A., Zagora, S., Tsui, J., Oldani, M., Lui, G., McCluskey, P., and Young, A.L. (2019). Presenting Features, Treatment and Clinical Outcomes of Cytomegalovirus Retinitis: Non-HIV Patients Vs HIV Patients. Ocul. Immunol. Inflamm., 1\u20138.","DOI":"10.1080\/09273948.2019.1604003"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2010.10.018","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus retinitis and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome\u2014Bench to bedside: LXVII Edward Jackson Memorial Lecture","volume":"151","author":"Jabs","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(85)80150-5","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus colitis. Report of the clinical, endoscopic, and pathologic findings in two patients with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome","volume":"88","author":"Meiselman","year":"1985","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkh396","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus infection in the era of HAART: Fewer reactivations and more immunity","volume":"54","author":"Springer","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S78","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-6143.2009.02897.x","article-title":"AST Infectious Diseases Community of Practice Cytomegalovirus in solid organ transplant recipients","volume":"9","author":"Humar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.6061\/clinics\/2015(07)09","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus infection in transplant recipients","volume":"70","author":"Azevedo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clinics"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5520(05)70158-6","article-title":"Infectious complications of solid organ transplantations","volume":"15","author":"Simon","year":"2001","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Clin. North Am."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13512","DOI":"10.1111\/ctr.13512","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus in solid organ transplant recipients-Guidelines of the American Society of Transplantation Infectious Diseases Community of Practice","volume":"33","author":"Razonable","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cho, S.-Y., Lee, D.-G., and Kim, H.-J. (2019). Cytomegalovirus Infections after Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation: Current Status and Future Immunotherapy. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20112666"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1177\/0885066613476454","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus pneumonia in hematopoietic stem cell recipients","volume":"29","author":"Travi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Intensiv. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.1986.tb07551.x","article-title":"Reduced risk of recurrent leukaemia in bone marrow transplant recipients after cytomegalovirus infection","volume":"63","author":"Ljungman","year":"1986","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2043","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V98.7.2043","article-title":"Donor characteristics as risk factors in recipients after transplantation of bone marrow from unrelated donors: The effect of donor age","volume":"98","author":"Kollman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4255","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2002-10-3263","article-title":"Donor CMV serologic status and outcome of CMV-seropositive recipients after unrelated donor stem cell transplantation: An EBMT megafile analysis","volume":"102","author":"Ljungman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbmt.2008.10.023","article-title":"Donor and recipient CMV serostatus and outcome of pediatric allogeneic HSCT for acute leukemia in the era of CMV-preemptive therapy","volume":"15","author":"Behrendt","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biol. Blood Marrow Transplant."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2009.1","article-title":"The hematopoietic cell transplantation comorbidity index (HCT-CI) predicts clinical outcomes in lymphoma and myeloma patients after reduced-intensity or non-myeloablative allogeneic stem cell transplantation","volume":"23","author":"Farina","year":"2009","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"3359","article-title":"CMV serostatus still has an important prognostic impact in de novo acute leukemia patients after allogeneic stem cell transplantation: A report from the Acute Leukemia Working Party of EBMT","volume":"122","author":"Labopin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1402","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-08-304121","article-title":"Early human cytomegalovirus replication after transplantation is associated with a decreased relapse risk: Evidence for a putative virus-versus-leukemia effect in acute myeloid leukemia patients","volume":"118","author":"Elmaagacli","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-014-2190-1","article-title":"Early CMV replication and subsequent chronic GVHD have a significant anti-leukemic effect after allogeneic HSCT in acute myeloid leukemia","volume":"94","author":"Jang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1316","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2013-02-487074","article-title":"CMV reactivation after allogeneic HCT and relapse risk: Evidence for early protection in acute myeloid leukemia","volume":"122","author":"Green","year":"2013","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbmt.2014.02.015","article-title":"Impact of cytomegalovirus replication and cytomegalovirus serostatus on the outcome of patients with B cell lymphoma after allogeneic stem cell transplantation","volume":"20","author":"Mariotti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biol. Blood Marrow Transplant."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bmt.1704232","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus antigenemia and outcome of patients treated with pre-emptive ganciclovir: Retrospective analysis of 241 consecutive patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation","volume":"32","author":"Yanada","year":"2003","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Transplant."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.12875","article-title":"Relationship between cytomegalovirus (CMV) reactivation, CMV-driven immunity, overall immune recovery and graft-versus-leukaemia effect in children","volume":"166","author":"Jeljeli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1450","DOI":"10.1038\/s41409-018-0172-y","article-title":"Early human cytomegalovirus reactivation is associated with lower incidence of relapse of myeloproliferative disorders after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation","volume":"53","author":"Peric","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Transplant."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbmt.2013.10.003","article-title":"Protective effect of cytomegalovirus reactivation on relapse after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation in acute myeloid leukemia patients is influenced by conditioning regimen","volume":"20","author":"Manjappa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biol. Blood Marrow Transplant."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e11","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciq085","article-title":"Attribution of congenital cytomegalovirus infection to primary versus non-primary maternal infection","volume":"52","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2014-1173","article-title":"Hearing loss and congenital CMV infection: A systematic review","volume":"134","author":"Goderis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coppola, T., Mangold, J.F., Cantrell, S., and Permar, S.R. (2019). Impact of Maternal Immunity on Congenital Cytomegalovirus Birth Prevalence and Infant Outcomes: A Systematic Review. Vaccines, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines7040129"},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"(2020, April 23). PRISMA. Available online: http:\/\/www.prisma-statement.org\/."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2013.12.010","article-title":"Systematic review of the birth prevalence of congenital cytomegalovirus infection in developing countries","volume":"22","author":"Lanzieri","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semperi.2018.02.002","article-title":"Congenital cytomegalovirus infection","volume":"42","author":"Fowler","year":"2018","journal-title":"Semin. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"65","article-title":"Congenital and perinatal cytomegalovirus infections: Clinical characteristics and pathogenic factors","volume":"20","author":"Stagno","year":"1984","journal-title":"Birth Defects Orig. Artic. Ser."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.53.7.536","article-title":"Congenital cytomegalovirus infection in newborn infants of mothers infected before pregnancy","volume":"53","author":"Schopfer","year":"1978","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(67)90338-8","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus infection associated with pregnancy","volume":"2","author":"Diosi","year":"1967","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.72.3.295","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus infection of breast milk and transmission in infancy","volume":"72","author":"Dworsky","year":"1983","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)04043-5","article-title":"Epidemiology of transmission of cytomegalovirus from mother to preterm infant by breastfeeding","volume":"357","author":"Hamprecht","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198005083021908","article-title":"Breast milk and the risk of cytomegalovirus infection","volume":"302","author":"Stagno","year":"1980","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"101","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus infection following marrow transplantation: Risk, treatment, and prevention","volume":"20","author":"Meyers","year":"1984","journal-title":"Birth Defects Orig. Artic. Ser."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"226","article-title":"Recent advances in the diagnosis of active cytomegalovirus infection after organ transplantation","volume":"22","author":"Jiwa","year":"1990","journal-title":"Transplant. Proc."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199108000-00008","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus and child day care: Risk factors for maternal infection","volume":"10","author":"Adler","year":"1991","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1086\/508173","article-title":"Seroprevalence of cytomegalovirus infection in the United States, 1988\u20131994","volume":"43","author":"Staras","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/151.2.344","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus infection in sex partners: Evidence for sexual transmission","volume":"151","author":"Handsfield","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00251-16","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00251-16","article-title":"Murine Cytomegalovirus Exploits Olfaction To Enter New Hosts","volume":"7","author":"Farrell","year":"2016","journal-title":"MBio"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arvin, A., Campadelli-Fiume, G., Mocarski, E., Moore, P.S., Roizman, B., Whitley, R., and Yamanishi, K. (2007). Virus entry into host, establishment of infection, spread in host, mechanisms of tissue damage. Human Herpesviruses: Biology, Therapy and Immunoprophylaxis, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511545313"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6305","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.68.10.6305-6311.1994","article-title":"Biphasic viremia and viral gene expression in leukocytes during acute cytomegalovirus infection of mice","volume":"68","author":"Collins","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jackson, J.W., and Sparer, T. (2018). There Is Always Another Way! Cytomegalovirus\u2019 Multifaceted Dissemination Schemes. Viruses, 10.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201807.0013.v1"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4105","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.11.4105-4113.2002","article-title":"Human cytomegalovirus DNA in plasma and serum specimens of renal transplant recipients is highly fragmented","volume":"40","author":"Boom","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1590\/1414-431X20133353","article-title":"Detection of human cytomegalovirus DNA in various blood components after liver transplantation","volume":"47","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1537-2995.1992.32392213801.x","article-title":"Prevention of transfusion-associated cytomegalovirus infection in neonatal patients by the removal of white cells from blood","volume":"32","author":"Eisenfeld","year":"1992","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2016.01.010","article-title":"gH\/gL supercomplexes at early stages of herpesvirus entry","volume":"18","author":"Heldwein","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.80.2.710-722.2006","article-title":"Human cytomegalovirus entry into epithelial and endothelial cells depends on genes UL128 to UL150 and occurs by endocytosis and low-pH fusion","volume":"80","author":"Ryckman","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.3390\/v6031202","article-title":"Human cytomegalovirus US28 facilitates cell-to-cell viral dissemination","volume":"6","author":"Noriega","year":"2014","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1989","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-75-8-1989","article-title":"Presence of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) immediate early mRNA but not ppUL83 (lower matrix protein pp65) mRNA in polymorphonuclear and mononuclear leukocytes during active HCMV infection","volume":"75","author":"Grefte","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/166.6.1236","article-title":"Human cytomegalovirus infection of the major leukocyte subpopulations and evidence for initial viral replication in polymorphonuclear leukocytes from viremic patients","volume":"166","author":"Gerna","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1159\/000150502","article-title":"Human cytomegalovirus cell tropism and pathogenesis","volume":"39","author":"Sinzger","year":"1996","journal-title":"Intervirology"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1597","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.68.3.1597-1604.1994","article-title":"Induction of endogenous human cytomegalovirus gene expression after differentiation of monocytes from healthy carriers","volume":"68","author":"Sissons","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5629","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.74.12.5629-5638.2000","article-title":"Human cytomegalovirus replicates abortively in polymorphonuclear leukocytes after transfer from infected endothelial cells via transient microfusion events","volume":"74","author":"Gerna","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2957","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.000603","article-title":"A little cooperation helps murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) go a long way: MCMV co-infection rescues a chemokine salivary gland defect","volume":"97","author":"Dogra","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.10.6.1383-1390.1974","article-title":"Role of macrophages in resistance to murine cytomegalovirus","volume":"10","author":"Selgrade","year":"1974","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7147","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00480-15","article-title":"Lymph Node Macrophages Restrict Murine Cytomegalovirus Dissemination","volume":"89","author":"Farrell","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1400291","article-title":"Novel Human Cytomegalovirus Viral Chemokines, vCXCL-1s, Display Functional Selectivity for Neutrophil Signaling and Function","volume":"195","author":"Heo","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9839","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.17.9839","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus encodes a potent alpha chemokine","volume":"96","author":"Penfold","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1542","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2016.04.042","article-title":"HCMV vCXCL1 Binds Several Chemokine Receptors and Preferentially Attracts Neutrophils over NK Cells by Interacting with CXCR2","volume":"15","author":"Yamin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.20210","article-title":"Sequence variability of the alpha-chemokine UL146 from clinical strains of human cytomegalovirus","volume":"74","author":"Okwuadi","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1089\/vim.2011.0064","article-title":"HCMV-encoded UL128 enhances TNF-\u03b1 and IL-6 expression and promotes PBMC proliferation through the MAPK\/ERK pathway in vitro","volume":"25","author":"Zheng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Viral. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10881","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.19.10881","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus-encoded beta chemokine promotes monocyte-associated viremia in the host","volume":"96","author":"Saederup","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9966","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.75.20.9966-9976.2001","article-title":"Murine cytomegalovirus CC chemokine homolog MCK-2 (m131-129) is a determinant of dissemination that increases inflammation at initial sites of infection","volume":"75","author":"Saederup","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6581","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.65.12.6581-6588.1991","article-title":"Human cytomegalovirus productively infects primary differentiated macrophages","volume":"65","author":"Ibanez","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6371","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.65.11.6371-6375.1991","article-title":"Unrestricted replication of human cytomegalovirus in hydrocortisone-treated macrophages","volume":"65","author":"Lathey","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/171.2.263","article-title":"Bidirectional transmission of infectious cytomegalovirus between monocytes and vascular endothelial cells: An in vitro model","volume":"171","author":"Waldman","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11539","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01016-06","article-title":"Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection of endothelial cells promotes naive monocyte extravasation and transfer of productive virus to enhance hematogenous dissemination of HCMV","volume":"80","author":"Bentz","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2004.02.009","article-title":"Pathogenesis of human cytomegalovirus infection and cellular targets","volume":"65","author":"Gerna","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hum. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/S0952-7915(00)00180-1","article-title":"The cell biology of antigen presentation in dendritic cells","volume":"13","author":"Amigorena","year":"2001","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shenk, T.E., and Stinski, M.F. (2008). Human cytomegalovirus. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-77349-8"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2803","DOI":"10.3390\/v5112803","article-title":"Human cytomegalovirus manipulation of latently infected cells","volume":"5","author":"Sinclair","year":"2013","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e35","DOI":"10.1017\/S1462399408000872","article-title":"Manipulation of dendritic cell functions by human cytomegalovirus","volume":"10","author":"Sinclair","year":"2008","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2007.11.014","article-title":"Human cytomegalovirus: Latency and reactivation in the myeloid lineage","volume":"41","author":"Sinclair","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_98","first-page":"478","article-title":"Transfusion-acquired cytomegalovirus infection in newborn infants","volume":"128","author":"Yeager","year":"1974","journal-title":"Am. J. Dis. Child."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/5.6.977","article-title":"Transfusion-associated cytomegalovirus infections","volume":"5","author":"Adler","year":"1983","journal-title":"Rev. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(85)80201-8","article-title":"Transfusion transmission of cytomegalovirus confirmed by restriction endonuclease analysis","volume":"107","author":"Tolpin","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2620","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2011.03203.x","article-title":"Transmission of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection by leukoreduced blood products not tested for CMV antibodies: A single-center prospective study in high-risk patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (CME)","volume":"51","author":"Thiele","year":"2011","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2059","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-72-9-2059","article-title":"Monocytes are a major site of persistence of human cytomegalovirus in peripheral blood mononuclear cells","volume":"72","author":"Sissons","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3099","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-77-12-3099","article-title":"Detection of endogenous human cytomegalovirus in CD34+ bone marrow progenitors","volume":"77","author":"Mendelson","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4140","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0408994102","article-title":"Latency, chromatin remodeling, and reactivation of human cytomegalovirus in the dendritic cells of healthy carriers","volume":"102","author":"Reeves","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4806","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.73.6.4806-4812.1999","article-title":"Quantitative analysis of latent human cytomegalovirus","volume":"73","author":"Slobedman","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9109","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00827-07","article-title":"Human cytomegalovirus gene expression is silenced by Daxx-mediated intrinsic immune defense in model latent infections established in vitro","volume":"81","author":"Saffert","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2007.01.036","article-title":"Ectopic expression of HCMV IE72 and IE86 proteins is sufficient to induce early gene expression but not production of infectious virus in undifferentiated promonocytic THP-1 cells","volume":"363","author":"Yee","year":"2007","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9854","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01278-12","article-title":"A Myeloid Progenitor Cell Line Capable of Supporting Human Cytomegalovirus Latency and Reactivation, Resulting in Infectious Progeny","volume":"86","author":"Murphy","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00298-13","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00298-13","article-title":"Human embryonic stem cell lines model experimental human cytomegalovirus latency","volume":"4","author":"Penkert","year":"2013","journal-title":"MBio"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.031377-0","article-title":"Virally induced changes in cellular microRNAs maintain latency of human cytomegalovirus in CD34+ progenitors","volume":"92","author":"Poole","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3337","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.80285-0","article-title":"Vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells are unlikely to be major sites of latency of human cytomegalovirus in vivo","volume":"85","author":"Reeves","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11879","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.25.11879","article-title":"Human cytomegalovirus latent infection of granulocyte-macrophage progenitors","volume":"91","author":"Kondo","year":"1994","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7465","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00088-11","article-title":"Viral interleukin-10 expressed by human cytomegalovirus during the latent phase of infection modulates latently infected myeloid cell differentiation","volume":"85","author":"Avdic","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11022","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.17.11022-11034.2005","article-title":"Characterization of an Antisense Transcript Spanning the UL81-82 Locus of Human Cytomegalovirus","volume":"79","author":"Bego","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2007-01-070078","article-title":"Human cytomegalovirus sequences expressed in latently infected individuals promote a latent infection in vitro","volume":"110","author":"Goodrum","year":"2007","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20039","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1014509107","article-title":"Experimental human cytomegalovirus latency in CD14+ monocytes","volume":"107","author":"Hargett","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1007\/s00430-019-00581-1","article-title":"HCMV latency: What regulates the regulators?","volume":"208","author":"Elder","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/21.5.1112","article-title":"Control of cytomegalovirus lytic gene expression by histone acetylation","volume":"21","author":"Murphy","year":"2002","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2949","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.81161-0","article-title":"An in vitro model for the regulation of human cytomegalovirus latency and reactivation in dendritic cells by chromatin remodelling","volume":"86","author":"Reeves","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schwartz, M., and Stern-Ginossar, N. (2019). The Transcriptome of Latent Human Cytomegalovirus. J. Virol., 93.","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00047-19"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rossetto, C.C., Tarrant-Elorza, M., and Pari, G.S. (2013). Cis and trans acting factors involved in human cytomegalovirus experimental and natural latent infection of CD14 (+) monocytes and CD34 (+) cells. PLoS Pathog., 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003366"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09784","article-title":"The Polycomb complex PRC2 and its mark in life","volume":"469","author":"Margueron","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.05903-11","article-title":"High-resolution profiling and analysis of viral and host small RNAs during human cytomegalovirus infection","volume":"86","author":"Stark","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2015.08.040","article-title":"In vivo expression of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) microRNAs during latency","volume":"575","author":"Meshesha","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pan, C., Zhu, D., Wang, Y., Li, L., Li, D., Liu, F., Zhang, C.-Y., and Zen, K. (2016). Human Cytomegalovirus miR-UL148D Facilitates Latent Viral Infection by Targeting Host Cell Immediate Early Response Gene 5. PLoS Pathog., 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006007"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31205","DOI":"10.1038\/srep31205","article-title":"The Expression of Human Cytomegalovirus MicroRNA MiR-UL148D during Latent Infection in Primary Myeloid Cells Inhibits Activin A-triggered Secretion of IL-6","volume":"6","author":"Lau","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Diggins, N.L., and Hancock, M.H. (2018). HCMV miRNA Targets Reveal Important Cellular Pathways for Viral Replication, Latency, and Reactivation. Noncoding RNA, 4.","DOI":"10.3390\/ncrna4040029"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, Y., Lee, S., Kim, S., Kim, D., Ahn, J.-H., and Ahn, K. (2012). Human cytomegalovirus clinical strain-specific microRNA miR-UL148D targets the human chemokine RANTES during infection. PLoS Pathog., 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002577"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2013.12.012","article-title":"Human cytomegalovirus latent infection alters the expression of cellular and viral microRNA","volume":"536","author":"Fu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5949","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.75.13.5949-5957.2001","article-title":"Human cytomegalovirus chemokine receptor gene US28 is transcribed in latently infected THP-1 monocytes","volume":"75","author":"Beisser","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4128","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2008-12-197111","article-title":"The role of the human cytomegalovirus UL111A gene in down-regulating CD4+ T-cell recognition of latently infected cells: Implications for virus elimination during latency","volume":"114","author":"Cheung","year":"2009","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13218","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0506172102","article-title":"Evolutionarily divergent herpesviruses modulate T cell activation by targeting the herpesvirus entry mediator cosignaling pathway","volume":"102","author":"Cheung","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3581","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02072-08","article-title":"Identification of TRIM23 as a cofactor involved in the regulation of NF-kappaB by human cytomegalovirus","volume":"83","author":"Poole","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keyes, L.R., Hargett, D., Soland, M., Bego, M.G., Rossetto, C.C., Almeida-Porada, G., and St Jeor, S. (2012). HCMV protein LUNA is required for viral reactivation from latently infected primary CD14+ cells. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0052827"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1235047","article-title":"Latency-associated degradation of the MRP1 drug transporter during latent human cytomegalovirus infection","volume":"340","author":"Weekes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3937","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.7.3937","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus remains latent in a common precursor of dendritic and myeloid cells","volume":"95","author":"Hahn","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12750","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.05878-11","article-title":"Inhibition of inflammatory interleukin-6 activity via extracellular signal-regulated kinase-mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling antagonizes human cytomegalovirus reactivation from dendritic cells","volume":"85","author":"Reeves","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(01)80014-3","article-title":"Reactivation of latent human cytomegalovirus by allogeneic stimulation of blood cells from healthy donors","volume":"91","author":"Fish","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1086\/314602","article-title":"Elevated serum cytokines are associated with cytomegalovirus infection and disease in bone marrow transplant recipients","volume":"179","author":"Humar","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.1013","article-title":"Association of tumour necrosis factor alpha and interleukin 6 levels with cytomegalovirus DNA detection and disease after renal transplantation","volume":"64","author":"Tong","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-86-21123","article-title":"Propagation of salivary gland virus of the mouse in tissue cultures","volume":"86","author":"Smith","year":"1954","journal-title":"Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-94-22841","article-title":"Isolation of intranuclear inclusion producing agents from infants with illnesses resembling cytomegalic inclusion disease","volume":"94","author":"Craig","year":"1957","journal-title":"Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_143","first-page":"125","article-title":"Analysis of the protein-coding content of the sequence of human cytomegalovirus strain AD169","volume":"154","author":"Chee","year":"1990","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-160-40382","article-title":"Clinical and laboratory studies of live cytomegalovirus vaccine Ad-169","volume":"160","author":"Neff","year":"1979","journal-title":"Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/134.5.470","article-title":"Clinical trials of immunization with the Towne 125 strain of human cytomegalovirus","volume":"134","author":"Plotkin","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-101-4-478","article-title":"Comparative virulence and immunogenicity of the Towne strain and a nonattenuated strain of cytomegalovirus","volume":"101","author":"Quinnan","year":"1984","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.70.1.78-83.1996","article-title":"Human cytomegalovirus clinical isolates carry at least 19 genes not found in laboratory strains","volume":"70","author":"Cha","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.315","article-title":"A review of genetic differences between limited and extensively passaged human cytomegalovirus strains","volume":"11","author":"Prichard","year":"2001","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1535","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.018994-0","article-title":"Sequential mutations associated with adaptation of human cytomegalovirus to growth in cell culture","volume":"91","author":"Dargan","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1007\/s00430-015-0411-4","article-title":"Human cytomegalovirus: Taking the strain","volume":"204","author":"Wilkinson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2375","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.013250-0","article-title":"High-throughput sequence analysis of variants of human cytomegalovirus strains Towne and AD169","volume":"90","author":"Bradley","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2011.01.005","article-title":"Full genome sequencing and analysis of human cytomegalovirus strain JHC isolated from a Korean patient","volume":"156","author":"Jung","year":"2011","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7673","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00578-15","article-title":"High-throughput analysis of human cytomegalovirus genome diversity highlights the widespread occurrence of gene-disrupting mutations and pervasive recombination","volume":"89","author":"Sijmons","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14223","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2334032100","article-title":"Functional profiling of a human cytomegalovirus genome","volume":"100","author":"Dunn","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14976","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2136652100","article-title":"Coding potential of laboratory and clinical strains of human cytomegalovirus","volume":"100","author":"Murphy","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.83286-0","article-title":"Cloning and sequencing of a highly productive, endotheliotropic virus strain derived from human cytomegalovirus TB40\/E","volume":"89","author":"Sinzger","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.79888-0","article-title":"Genetic content of wild-type human cytomegalovirus","volume":"85","author":"Dolan","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_158","unstructured":"(2020, April 23). Virus Pathogen Database and Analysis Resource (ViPR)\u2014Genome Database with Visualization and Analysis Tools. Available online: https:\/\/www.viprbrc.org\/brc\/home.spg?decorator=vipr."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D593","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkr859","article-title":"ViPR: An open bioinformatics database and analysis resource for virology research","volume":"40","author":"Pickett","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Renzette, N., Bhattacharjee, B., Jensen, J.D., Gibson, L., and Kowalik, T.F. (2011). Extensive genome-wide variability of human cytomegalovirus in congenitally infected infants. PLoS Pathog., 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1001344"},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2014.08.001","article-title":"Human cytomegalovirus intrahost evolution-a new avenue for understanding and controlling herpesvirus infections","volume":"8","author":"Renzette","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Renzette, N., Pfeifer, S.P., Matuszewski, S., Kowalik, T.F., and Jensen, J.D. (2017). On the Analysis of Intrahost and Interhost Viral Populations: Human Cytomegalovirus as a Case Study of Pitfalls and Expectations. J. Virol., 91.","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01976-16"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peck, K.M., and Lauring, A.S. (2018). Complexities of Viral Mutation Rates. J. Virol., 92.","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01031-17"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2016.10.006","article-title":"Sequence-Specific Sensing of Nucleic Acids","volume":"38","author":"Vabret","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1038\/cmi.2016.06","article-title":"Viral evasion of DNA-stimulated innate immune responses","volume":"14","author":"Christensen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1673","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jix157","article-title":"Characterization of Human Cytomegalovirus Genome Diversity in Immunocompromised Hosts by Whole-Genome Sequencing Directly From Clinical Specimens","volume":"215","author":"Hage","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiz208","article-title":"Human Cytomegalovirus Genomes Sequenced Directly From Clinical Material: Variation, Multiple-Strain Infection, Recombination, and Gene Loss","volume":"220","author":"Wilkie","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5693","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1818130116","article-title":"Human cytomegalovirus haplotype reconstruction reveals high diversity due to superinfection and evidence of within-host recombination","volume":"116","author":"Cudini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"vew017","DOI":"10.1093\/ve\/vew017","article-title":"Islands of linkage in an ocean of pervasive recombination reveals two-speed evolution of human cytomegalovirus genomes","volume":"2","author":"Lassalle","year":"2016","journal-title":"Virus Evol."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1918955117","article-title":"Reply to Jensen and Kowalik: Consideration of mixed infections is central to understanding HCMV intrahost diversity","volume":"117","author":"Houldcroft","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1915295117","article-title":"A consideration of within-host human cytomegalovirus genetic variation","volume":"117","author":"Jensen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.23906","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus glycoprotein H genotype distribution and the relationship with hearing loss in children","volume":"86","author":"Paradowska","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1615","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.21241","article-title":"Genotypic analysis of two hypervariable human cytomegalovirus genes","volume":"80","author":"Bradley","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_174","unstructured":"Stratton, K.R., Durch, J.S., and Lawrence, R.S. (2000). Vaccines for the 21st Century: A Tool for Decisionmaking, National Academies Press. Institute of Medicine (US) Committee to Study Priorities for Vaccine Development."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.4118","article-title":"A series of 238 cytomegalovirus primary infections during pregnancy: Description and outcome","volume":"33","author":"Picone","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prenat. Diagn."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7444","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00467-12","article-title":"Antibodies against the gH\/gL\/UL128\/UL130\/UL131 complex comprise the majority of the anti-cytomegalovirus (anti-CMV) neutralizing antibody response in CMV hyperimmune globulin","volume":"86","author":"Fouts","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(74)92997-3","article-title":"Development of a vaccine against mental retardation caused by cytomegalovirus infection in utero","volume":"1","author":"Elek","year":"1974","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.12.3.521-527.1975","article-title":"Candidate cytomegalovirus strain for human vaccination","volume":"12","author":"Plotkin","year":"1975","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S13","DOI":"10.1016\/S1386-6532(02)00093-8","article-title":"Is there a formula for an effective CMV vaccine?","volume":"25","author":"Plotkin","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18153","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0509201102","article-title":"Human cytomegalovirus virion protein complex required for epithelial and endothelial cell tropism","volume":"102","author":"Wang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5760","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2008.07.092","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus vaccines fail to induce epithelial entry neutralizing antibodies comparable to natural infection","volume":"26","author":"Cui","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiw365","article-title":"A Phase 1 Study of 4 Live, Recombinant Human Cytomegalovirus Towne\/Toledo Chimera Vaccines in Cytomegalovirus\u2013Seronegative Men","volume":"214","author":"Adler","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362ra145","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aaf9387","article-title":"A replication-defective human cytomegalovirus vaccine for prevention of congenital infection","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Freed, D.C., Li, L., Tang, A., Li, F., Murray, E.M., Adler, S.P., McVoy, M.A., Rupp, R.E., and Barrett, D. (2019). A Replication-Defective Human Cytomegalovirus Vaccine Elicits Humoral Immune Responses Analogous to Those with Natural Infection. J. Virol., 93.","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00747-19"},{"key":"ref_185","first-page":"1","article-title":"Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection\/re-infection: Development of a protective HCMV vaccine","volume":"42","author":"Gerna","year":"2019","journal-title":"New Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/0264-410X(90)90135-9","article-title":"Isolated gA\/gB glycoprotein complex of human cytomegalovirus envelope induces humoral and cellular immune-responses in human volunteers","volume":"8","author":"Gonczol","year":"1990","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-200202000-00009","article-title":"Immunogenicity of a recombinant human cytomegalovirus gB vaccine in seronegative toddlers","volume":"21","author":"Mitchell","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.4161\/hv.1.1.1335","article-title":"A DNA-based vaccine for the prevention of human cytomegalovirus-associated diseases","volume":"1","author":"Selinsky","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccin."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1689","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2018.01.029","article-title":"Multi-antigenic human cytomegalovirus mRNA vaccines that elicit potent humoral and cell-mediated immunity","volume":"36","author":"John","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nelson, C.S., Jenks, J.A., Pardi, N., Goodwin, M., Roark, H., Edwards, W., McLellan, J.S., Pollara, J., Weissman, D., and Permar, S.R. (2020). Human Cytomegalovirus Glycoprotein B Nucleoside-Modified mRNA Vaccine Elicits Antibody Responses with Greater Durability and Breadth than MF59-Adjuvanted gB Protein Immunization. J. Virol., 94.","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00186-20"},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1294","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jis107","article-title":"Clinical evaluation of safety and immunogenicity of PADRE-cytomegalovirus (CMV) and tetanus-CMV fusion peptide vaccines with or without PF03512676 adjuvant","volume":"205","author":"Longmate","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00662-13","article-title":"Enveloped virus-like particle expression of human cytomegalovirus glycoprotein B antigen induces antibodies with potent and broad neutralizing activity","volume":"21","author":"Kirchmeier","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11107","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01554-13","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus vaccine strain towne-derived dense bodies induce broad cellular immune responses and neutralizing antibodies that prevent infection of fibroblasts and epithelial cells","volume":"87","author":"Cayatte","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2018.09.003","article-title":"New therapies for human cytomegalovirus infections","volume":"159","author":"Britt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1080\/14740338.2019.1662787","article-title":"Safety considerations with current and emerging antiviral therapies for cytomegalovirus infection in transplantation","volume":"18","author":"Razonable","year":"2019","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Drug Saf."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2018.07.006","article-title":"Antiviral Therapies for Herpesviruses: Current Agents and New Directions","volume":"40","author":"Poole","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Ther."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-017-0860-8","article-title":"Letermovir: First Global Approval","volume":"78","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2017.03.023","article-title":"FDA-Approved Oligonucleotide Therapies in 2017","volume":"25","author":"Stein","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1404599","article-title":"Valganciclovir for symptomatic congenital cytomegalovirus disease","volume":"372","author":"Kimberlin","year":"2015","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0000000000002191","article-title":"The Transplantation Society International CMV Consensus Group The Third International Consensus Guidelines on the Management of Cytomegalovirus in Solid-organ Transplantation","volume":"102","author":"Kotton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e119","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3026(15)00289-6","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus viral load and mortality after haemopoietic stem cell transplantation in the era of pre-emptive therapy: A retrospective cohort study","volume":"3","author":"Green","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Haematol."},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1038\/358160a0","article-title":"Human cytomegalovirus UL97 open reading frame encodes a protein that phosphorylates the antiviral nucleoside analogue ganciclovir","volume":"358","author":"Littler","year":"1992","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2010.09.005","article-title":"Phosphorylation of antiviral and endogenous nucleotides to di- and triphosphates by guanosine monophosphate kinase","volume":"81","author":"Gentry","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0000000000000170","article-title":"Approach to drug-resistant cytomegalovirus in transplant recipients","volume":"28","author":"Chou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2008.07.002","article-title":"Antiviral strategies to combat cytomegalovirus infections in transplant recipients","volume":"8","author":"Lischka","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd1877","article-title":"Acyclic nucleoside phosphonates: A key class of antiviral drugs","volume":"4","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-199448020-00007","article-title":"Foscarnet. A reappraisal of its antiviral activity, pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic use in immunocompromised patients with viral infections","volume":"48","author":"Wagstaff","year":"1994","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1086\/590934","article-title":"Immunocompromised hosts: Perspectives in the treatment and prophylaxis of cytomegalovirus disease in solid-organ transplant recipients","volume":"47","author":"Boucher","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1097\/MOT.0000000000000541","article-title":"Drug-resistant cytomegalovirus: Clinical implications of specific mutations","volume":"23","author":"Razonable","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Organ Transplant."},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/s11908-019-0699-0","article-title":"CMV Prevention and Treatment in Transplantation: What\u2019s New in 2019","volume":"21","author":"Stern","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Infect. Dis. Rep."},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1714656","article-title":"Maribavir for Preemptive Treatment of Cytomegalovirus Reactivation","volume":"381","author":"Maertens","year":"2019","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9077","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.75.19.9077-9086.2001","article-title":"A novel nonnucleoside inhibitor specifically targets cytomegalovirus DNA maturation via the UL89 and UL56 gene products","volume":"75","author":"Buerger","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2004.09.004","article-title":"The non-nucleoside antiviral, BAY 38-4766, protects against cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease and mortality in immunocompromised guinea pigs","volume":"65","author":"Schleiss","year":"2005","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1647","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.48.5.1647-1651.2004","article-title":"Mechanism of action of the ribopyranoside benzimidazole GW275175X against human cytomegalovirus","volume":"48","author":"Underwood","year":"2004","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1097\/MOT.0000000000000666","article-title":"Updates on antiviral drugs for cytomegalovirus prevention and treatment","volume":"24","author":"Kotton","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Organ Transplant."},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S180908","article-title":"Letermovir for the prevention of cytomegalovirus infection and disease in transplant recipients: An evidence-based review","volume":"12","author":"Razonable","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infect. Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vaismoradi, M., Logan, P.A., Jordan, S., and Sletvold, H. (2019). Adverse Drug Reactions in Norway: A Systematic Review. Pharmacy, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmacy7030102"}],"container-title":["Microorganisms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/8\/5\/685\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:26:36Z","timestamp":1760174796000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/8\/5\/685"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,8]]},"references-count":217,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]}},"alternative-id":["microorganisms8050685"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms8050685","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2607"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2607","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,8]]}}}