{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T23:37:17Z","timestamp":1790033837863,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,21]],"date-time":"2020-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1590019200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In French Guiana, canine heartworm disease is well known, but the diversity of filarial parasites of dogs remains largely unknown. A total of 98 canine blood samples from Cayenne and Kourou were assessed by a blood wet mount preparation, heartworm antigen test and molecular exploration of filarioid and Wolbachia DNAs, followed by a multiplex species-specific qPCR\u2019s identification and a subsequent sequencing analysis. Thereafter, a phylogeny based on maximum likelihood was carried out to facilitate specific identification. Five dogs were microfilaremic. Heartworm antigens were detected in 15 (15.3%) dogs. Of these, six (6.1%) were considered as occult infections as neither microfilariae nor Dirofilaria immitis DNA were detected. The 11 (11.2%) D. immitis isolates corresponded to a low virulent strain. Six of the D. immitis isolates were positive for Wolbachia endosymbionts of D. immitis belonging to the clade C DNA. Acanthocheilonema reconditum DNA was detected in 3 (3.1%) samples. Of these latter, one was found co-infected with the Brugia sp. genotype and the DNA of the clade D of the Wolbachia endosymbiont of Brugia species. This latter was also detected in two filarioid DNA-free samples. Finally, two samples were positive for Cercopithifilaria bainae genotype, which is distinct from those identified in Europe. The present study highlights the urgent need to implement chemoprophylaxis associated with anti-Wolbachia drugs to control these potential zoonoses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8050770","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,21]],"date-time":"2020-05-21T11:31:18Z","timestamp":1590060678000},"page":"770","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Detection of Canine Vector-Borne Filariasis and Their Wolbachia Endosymbionts in French Guiana"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8819-3019","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Younes","family":"Laidoudi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Aix Marseille Univ., IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, IHU-M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e Infection, 13385 Marseille, France"},{"name":"IHU M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e Infection, 13385 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Lou","family":"Mari\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Epidemiology Working Group of the Military Health Service, 13014 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3061-9747","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Djamel","family":"Tahir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aix Marseille Univ., IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, IHU-M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e Infection, 13385 Marseille, France"},{"name":"IHU M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e Infection, 13385 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"St\u00e9phanie","family":"Watier-Grillot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Epidemiology Working Group of the Military Health Service, 13014 Marseille, France"},{"name":"Epidemiology and Public Health Center of the French Armed Forces, 13014 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6039-2008","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oleg","family":"Mediannikov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aix Marseille Univ., IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, IHU-M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e Infection, 13385 Marseille, France"},{"name":"IHU M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e Infection, 13385 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernard","family":"Davoust","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aix Marseille Univ., IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, IHU-M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e Infection, 13385 Marseille, France"},{"name":"IHU M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e Infection, 13385 Marseille, France"},{"name":"Animal Epidemiology Working Group of the Military Health Service, 13014 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-1-25","article-title":"Canine vector-borne diseases in Brazil","volume":"1","year":"2008","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2009.01.003","article-title":"Managing canine vector-borne diseases of zoonotic concern: Part one","volume":"25","author":"Otranto","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Medkour, H., Davoust, B., Dulieu, F., Maurizi, L., Lamour, T., Mari\u00e9, J.-L., and Mediannikov, O. (2019). Potential animal reservoirs (dogs and bats) of human visceral leishmaniasis due to Leishmania infantum in French Guiana. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007456"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2014.1720","article-title":"First Identification of Anaplasma platys in the blood of dogs from French Guiana","volume":"15","author":"Dahmani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"106","article-title":"Molecular and serological investigation of Trypanosoma cruzi infection in dogs in French Guiana","volume":"12","author":"Tahir","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol. Reg. Stud. Rep."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.02.002","article-title":"Validation of chemoprevention of canine monocytic ehrlichiosis with doxycycline","volume":"107","author":"Davoust","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2016.02.013","article-title":"A case of Mayaro virus infection imported from French Guiana","volume":"77","author":"Icard","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00012-12","article-title":"Human and animal dirofilariasis: The emergence of a zoonotic mosaic","volume":"25","author":"Mellado","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2019073","article-title":"A cardiac and subcutaneous canine dirofilariosis outbreak in a kennel in central France","volume":"26","author":"Laidoudi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasite"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Satjawongvanit, H., Phumee, A., Tiawsirisup, S., Sungpradit, S., Brownell, N., Siriyasatien, P., and Preativatanyou, K. (2019). Molecular analysis of canine filaria and its Wolbachia endosymbionts in domestic dogs collected from two animal university hospitals in Bangkok Metropolitan Region, Thailand. Pathogens, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens8030114"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.04.041","article-title":"Detection of human filarial parasite Brugia malayi in dogs by histochemical staining and molecular techniques","volume":"181","author":"Ambily","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/630160","article-title":"Canine filarial infections in a human Brugia malayi endemic area of India","volume":"2014","author":"Ravindran","year":"2014","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-2631-0","article-title":"Increasing incidence of Dirofilaria immitis in dogs in USA with focus on the southeast region 2013\u20132016","volume":"11","author":"Drake","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2020, May 12). Lymphatic Filariasis. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/lymphatic-filariasis."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182011002198","article-title":"New insights into the ecology and biology of Acanthocheilonema reconditum (Grassi, 1889) causing canine subcutaneous filariosis","volume":"139","author":"Brianti","year":"2012","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-5-1","article-title":"On a Cercopithifilaria sp. transmitted by Rhipicephalus sanguineus: A neglected, but widespread filarioid of dogs","volume":"5","author":"Otranto","year":"2012","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-261","article-title":"Diversity of Cercopithifilaria species in dogs from Portugal","volume":"7","author":"Cortes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X00023968","article-title":"Dipetalonema reconditum (Grassi, 1889) from the dog with a note on its development in the flea, Ctenocephalides felis and the louse, Heterodoxus spiniger","volume":"36","author":"Nelson","year":"1962","journal-title":"J. Helminthol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102070","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2020.102070","article-title":"Massive microfilaremia in a dog subclinically infected with Acanthocheilonema dracunculoides","volume":"76","author":"Rojas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasitol. Int."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2014.03.007","article-title":"Image diagnosis of zoonotic onchocercosis by Onchocerca lupi","volume":"203","author":"Franchini","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2010172079","article-title":"The bacteria Wolbachia in filariae, a biological Russian dolls\u2019 system: New trends in antifilarial treatments","volume":"17","author":"Martin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Parasite"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3406-y","article-title":"Dirofilaria repens in dogs and humans in Lithuania","volume":"12","author":"Radzijevskaja","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2407","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1998.0591","article-title":"Phylogeny of Wolbachia in filarial nematodes","volume":"265","author":"Bandi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. B Boil. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2624","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00528-12","article-title":"Detection of Wolbachia DNA in blood for diagnosing filaria-associated syndromes in cats","volume":"50","author":"Turba","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2010.01.037","article-title":"Association of Wolbachia with heartworm disease in cats and dogs","volume":"170","author":"Dingman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1452-2","article-title":"Molecular detection of Leishmania infantum, filariae and Wolbachia spp. in dogs from southern Portugal","volume":"9","author":"Maia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"842575","article-title":"Development of a multiplexed qPCRs-based approach for the diagnosis of Dirofilaria immitis, D. repens, Acanthocheilonema reconditum and the others filariosis","volume":"24","author":"Laidoudi","year":"2019","journal-title":"BioRxiv"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Arg\u00f4lo, E.G.G., Reis, T., Fontes, D.A.T., Gon\u00e7alves, E.C., Giese, E.G., Melo, F.T.V., Dos Santos, J.N., and Furtado, A.P. (2018). Canine filariasis in the Amazon: Species diversity and epidemiology of these emergent and neglected zoonoses. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0200419"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schneider, M.C., Aguilera, X., Junior, J.B.D.S., Ault, S.K., Najera, P., Mart\u00ednez, J., Requejo, R., Nicholls, R.S., Yadon, Z.E., and Silva, J.C. (2011). Elimination of neglected diseases in Latin America and the Caribbean: A mapping of selected diseases. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000964"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2000.1139","article-title":"Wolbachia infection frequencies in insects: Evidence of a global equilibrium?","volume":"267","author":"Werren","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. B Boil. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13486","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0803076105","article-title":"Many species in one: DNA barcoding overestimates the number of species when nuclear mitochondrial pseudogenes are coamplified","volume":"105","author":"Song","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2836(05)80360-2","article-title":"Basic local alignment search tool","volume":"215","author":"Altschul","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbiopara.2016.11.005","article-title":"WormBase ParaSite\u2014A comprehensive resource for helminth genomics","volume":"215","author":"Howe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Biochem. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"60","article-title":"BioEdit: An important software for molecular biology","volume":"2","author":"Hall","year":"2011","journal-title":"GERF Bull. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2725","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/mst197","article-title":"MEGA6: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis Version 6.0","volume":"30","author":"Tamura","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Boil. Evol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01731581","article-title":"A simple method for estimating evolutionary rates of base substitutions through comparative studies of nucleotide sequences","volume":"16","author":"Kimura","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Mol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nei, M., and Kumar, S. (2000). Molecular Evolution and Phylogenetics, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195135848.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02101694","article-title":"aki Dating of the human-ape splitting by a molecular clock of mitochondrial DNA","volume":"22","author":"Hasegawa","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Mol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-6-288","article-title":"Dirofilariosis in the Americas: A more virulent Dirofilaria immitis?","volume":"6","author":"Otranto","year":"2013","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2009.02.005","article-title":"Managing canine vector-borne diseases of zoonotic concern: Part two","volume":"25","author":"Otranto","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2015.06.010","article-title":"Serological cross-reactivity of three commercial in-house immunoassays for detection of Dirofilaria immitis antigens with Spirocerca lupi in dogs with benign esophageal spirocercosis","volume":"211","author":"Aroch","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mallawarachchi, C.H., Chandrasena, N.T.G.A., Wickramasinghe, S., Premaratna, R., Gunawardane, N.Y.I.S., Mallawarachchi, N.S.M.S.M., and De Silva, N.R. (2018). A preliminary survey of filarial parasites in dogs and cats in Sri Lanka. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0206633"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1053\/j.tcam.2011.07.001","article-title":"Macrocyclic lactones and Dirofilaria immitis microfilariae","volume":"26","author":"Bowman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Top. Companion Anim. Med."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2010.07.019","article-title":"Effects of doxycycline on the endosymbiont Wolbachia in Dirofilaria immitis (Leidy, 1856)\u2014Naturally infected dogs","volume":"174","author":"Rossi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108975","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2019.108975","article-title":"Acetic acid as an alternative reagent in the modified Knott test","volume":"276","author":"Evans","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"33","article-title":"Canine filariasis in British Guiana","volume":"50","author":"Orihal","year":"1964","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"51","article-title":"Diagn\u00f3stico de Dirofilaria immitis en el municipio Sucre, estado Sucre, Venezuela","volume":"51","author":"Guilarte","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bol. Mal. Salud Amb."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.06.008","article-title":"Dirofilaria immitis prevalence in a canine population in the Samana Peninsula (Dominican Republic)\u2014June 2001","volume":"133","author":"Jost","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"2289","article-title":"Diagnostic criteria for an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for occult heartworm disease: Standardization of the test system in naturally exposed dogs","volume":"45","author":"Gillis","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am. J. Veter Res."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"20","article-title":"La spirocercose canine \u00e0 Spirocerca lupi","volume":"269","author":"Bartolo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Point V\u00e9t."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1705.101309","article-title":"Human intraocular filariasis caused by Pelecitus sp. Nematode, Brazil","volume":"17","author":"Bain","year":"2011","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(02)00032-8","article-title":"Specific polymerase chain reaction for differential diagnosis of Dirofilaria immitis and Dipetalonema reconditum using primers derived from internal transcribed spacer region 2 (ITS2)","volume":"106","author":"Mar","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"284","article-title":"Morphological and molecular identification of canine filariae in a semi-rural district of the Metropolitan Region in Chile","volume":"29","author":"Carrasco","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rev. Chil. Infectol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2016.1948","article-title":"First molecular identification of Dirofilaria repens in a dog blood sample from Guanajuato, Mexico","volume":"16","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02761937000300007","article-title":"Dirofilariose sub-cutanea dos c\u00e3es no Brasil","volume":"32","author":"Lent","year":"1937","journal-title":"Mem\u00f3rias Inst. Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.85.11.1384i","article-title":"Dipetalonema reconditum in the human eye","volume":"85","author":"Huynh","year":"2001","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-0783-8","article-title":"Detection of Dirofilaria immitis and other arthropod-borne filarioids by an HRM real-time qPCR, blood-concentrating techniques and a serological assay in dogs from Costa Rica","volume":"8","author":"Rojas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2012.05.016","article-title":"Cutaneous distribution and localization of Cercopithifilaria sp. microfilariae in dogs","volume":"190","author":"Otranto","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2016.06.025","article-title":"Filarioids infecting dogs in northeastern Brazil","volume":"226","author":"Ramos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"1248","article-title":"Zoonotic filariasis caused by novel Brugia sp. nematode, United States, 2011","volume":"20","author":"Stavropoulos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"1","article-title":"Filarial nematodes with zoonotic potential in ring-tailed coatis (Nasua nasua Linnaeus, 1766, Carnivora: Procyonidae) and domestic dogs from Igua\u00e7u National Park, Brazil","volume":"8","author":"Moraes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol. Reg. Stud. Rep."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.2307\/3276043","article-title":"Brugia guyanensis sp. n. (Nematoda: Filarioidea) from the Coatimundi (Nasua nasua vittata) in British Guiana","volume":"50","author":"Orihel","year":"1964","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."}],"container-title":["Microorganisms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/8\/5\/770\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:31:01Z","timestamp":1760175061000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/8\/5\/770"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,21]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]}},"alternative-id":["microorganisms8050770"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms8050770","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2607"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2607","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,21]]}}}