{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T10:38:45Z","timestamp":1788950325390,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,25]],"date-time":"2020-05-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1590364800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Naegleria fowleri is an opportunistic pathogenic free-living amoeba which is able to rapidly colonize the central nervous system (CNS) and causes a lethal infection known as primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM). Furthermore, more than 98% of the known cases of PAM are fatal and affect mainly children under 12 and young adults. Until now, no fully effective therapeutic agents against N. fowleri are available and hence the urgent need to find novel agents to treat PAM. At present, PAM therapy is based on the combination of amphotericin B, miltefosine, among others, with unwanted toxic effects. Recently, our team isolated various indolocarbazoles (ICZs) from the culture of a mangrove strain of Streptomyces sanyensis which showed activity against kinetoplastids and the Acanthamoeba genus. Hence, in this study, the activity of the previously isolated ICZs, staurosporine (STS), 7-oxostaurosporine (7OSTS), 4\u2032-demethylamino-4\u2032-oxostaurosporine, and streptocarbazole B, was evaluated against two type strains of N. fowleri. Furthermore, the performed activity assays revealed that STS was the most active ICZ presenting an inhibitory concentration 50 (IC50) of 0.08 \u00b1 0.02 \u00b5M (SI 109.3). Moreover, STS induced programmed cell death (PCD) in the treated amoebae by triggering DNA condensation, mitochondrial disfunction, cell membrane disruption, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Therefore, STS could be a promising therapeutic agent against PAM.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8050789","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,26]],"date-time":"2020-05-26T03:29:10Z","timestamp":1590463750000},"page":"789","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Evaluation of Indolocarbazoles from Streptomyces sanyensis as a Novel Source of Therapeutic Agents against the Brain-Eating Amoeba Naegleria fowleri"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8313-0219","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aitor","family":"Rizo-Liendo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud P\u00fablica de Canarias (IUETSPC), Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avda. Astrof\u00edsico Fco. S\u00e1nchez s\/n, 38203 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain"},{"name":"Departamento de Obstetricia, Ginecolog\u00eda, Pediatr\u00eda, Medicina Preventiva y Salud P\u00fablica, Toxicolog\u00eda, Medicina Legal y Forense y Parasitolog\u00eda, Universidad De La Laguna, 38203 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ines","family":"Sifaoui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud P\u00fablica de Canarias (IUETSPC), Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avda. Astrof\u00edsico Fco. S\u00e1nchez s\/n, 38203 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain"},{"name":"Departamento de Obstetricia, Ginecolog\u00eda, Pediatr\u00eda, Medicina Preventiva y Salud P\u00fablica, Toxicolog\u00eda, Medicina Legal y Forense y Parasitolog\u00eda, Universidad De La Laguna, 38203 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7227-4092","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis","family":"Cartuche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Universitario de Bio-Org\u00e1nica Antonio Gonz\u00e1lez (IUBO AG), Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avda. Astrof\u00edsico Fco. S\u00e1nchez 2, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain"},{"name":"Departamento de Qu\u00edmica y Ciencias Exactas, Secci\u00f3n Qu\u00edmica B\u00e1sica y Aplicada, Universidad T\u00e9cnica Particular de Loja (UTPL), San Cayetano alto s\/n, 1101608 Loja, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I\u00f1igo","family":"Arberas-Jim\u00e9nez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud P\u00fablica de Canarias (IUETSPC), Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avda. Astrof\u00edsico Fco. S\u00e1nchez s\/n, 38203 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain"},{"name":"Departamento de Obstetricia, Ginecolog\u00eda, Pediatr\u00eda, Medicina Preventiva y Salud P\u00fablica, Toxicolog\u00eda, Medicina Legal y Forense y Parasitolog\u00eda, Universidad De La Laguna, 38203 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Reyes-Batlle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud P\u00fablica de Canarias (IUETSPC), Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avda. Astrof\u00edsico Fco. S\u00e1nchez s\/n, 38203 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain"},{"name":"Departamento de Obstetricia, Ginecolog\u00eda, Pediatr\u00eda, Medicina Preventiva y Salud P\u00fablica, Toxicolog\u00eda, Medicina Legal y Forense y Parasitolog\u00eda, Universidad De La Laguna, 38203 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0805-8317","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 J.","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Universitario de Bio-Org\u00e1nica Antonio Gonz\u00e1lez (IUBO AG), Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avda. Astrof\u00edsico Fco. S\u00e1nchez 2, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain"},{"name":"Departamento de Qu\u00edmica Org\u00e1nica, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avda. Astrof\u00edsico Fco. S\u00e1nchez s\/n, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6233-8224","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 E.","family":"Pi\u00f1ero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud P\u00fablica de Canarias (IUETSPC), Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avda. Astrof\u00edsico Fco. 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