{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T13:13:23Z","timestamp":1784121203159,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,29]],"date-time":"2020-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1590710400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Delta-TMU SHH Industry-Academy Cooperation Project","award":["A-106-053, A-107-061"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A-106-053, A-107-061"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The prevalence of vancomycin resistant enterococcus (VRE) carrier-state has been increasing in patients of intensive care unit and it would be a public health threat. Different research groups conducted decolonizing VRE with probiotic and the results were controversial. Therefore, a systemic approach to search for the probiotic species capable of decolonizing VRE is necessary. Thus, VRE was co-cultured with ten probiotic species. The fluctuations of each bacterial population were analyzed by 16S rRNA sequencing. Microbial network analysis (MNA) was exploited to identify the most critical species in inhibiting the VRE population. The MNA-selected probiotic cocktail was then validated for its efficacy in inhibiting VRE, decolonizing VRE from Caco-2 cells via three approaches: exclusion, competition, and displacement. Finally, the expression of VRE virulence genes after co-incubation with the probiotic cocktail were analyzed with quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). The MNA-selected probiotic cocktail includes Bacillus coagulans, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, Lactobacillus reuteri, and Lactobacillus acidophilus. This probiotic combination significantly reduces the population of co-cultured VRE and prevents VRE from binding to Caco-2 cells by down-regulating several host-adhesion genes of VRE. Our results suggested the potential of this four-strain probiotic cocktail in clinical application for the decolonization of VRE in human gut.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8060816","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,1]],"date-time":"2020-06-01T11:49:21Z","timestamp":1591012161000},"page":"816","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Probiotic Cocktail Identified by Microbial Network Analysis Inhibits Growth, Virulence Gene Expression, and Host Cell Colonization of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Wei-Sheng","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Pediatrics, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 23561, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110301, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuarn-Jang","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110301, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110301, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kun-Nan","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Delta Research Center, Delta Electronics, Inc., Taipei 114501, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu-Hsuan","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Delta Research Center, Delta Electronics, Inc., Taipei 114501, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2742-8886","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shiuh-Bin","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Pediatrics, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 23561, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110301, Taiwan"},{"name":"Master Program for Clinical Pharmacogenomics and Pharmacoproteomics, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110301, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11711","article-title":"Genomic variation landscape of the human gut microbiome","volume":"493","author":"Schloissnig","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-micro-091213-113003","article-title":"Friend turned foe: Evolution of enterococcal virulence and antibiotic resistance","volume":"68","author":"Gilmore","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annu. 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