{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T17:26:36Z","timestamp":1790702796274,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,30]],"date-time":"2020-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1590796800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001700","name":"Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["15H04476"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["15H04476"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001700","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001700","name":"Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["18H02129"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18H02129"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001700","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002241","name":"Japan Science and Technology Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AS251Z00826N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AS251Z00826N"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002241","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ohara Foundation for Agricultural Science","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Lanthanides (Ln) are an essential cofactor for XoxF-type methanol dehydrogenases (MDHs) in Gram-negative methylotrophs. The Ln3+ dependency of XoxF has expanded knowledge and raised new questions in methylotrophy, including the differences in characteristics of XoxF-type MDHs, their regulation, and the methylotrophic metabolism including formaldehyde oxidation. In this study, we genetically identified one set of Ln3+- and Ca2+-dependent MDHs (XoxF1 and MxaFI), that are involved in methylotrophy, and an ExaF-type Ln3+-dependent ethanol dehydrogenase, among six MDH-like genes in Methylobacterium aquaticum strain 22A. We also identified the causative mutations in MxbD, a sensor kinase necessary for mxaF expression and xoxF1 repression, for suppressive phenotypes in xoxF1 mutants defective in methanol growth even in the absence of Ln3+. Furthermore, we examined the phenotypes of a series of formaldehyde oxidation-pathway mutants (fae1, fae2, mch in the tetrahydromethanopterin (H4MPT) pathway and hgd in the glutathione-dependent formaldehyde dehydrogenase (GSH) pathway). We found that MxaF produces formaldehyde to a toxic level in the absence of the formaldehyde oxidation pathways and that either XoxF1 or ExaF can oxidize formaldehyde to alleviate formaldehyde toxicity in vivo. Furthermore, the GSH pathway has a supportive role for the net formaldehyde oxidation in addition to the H4MPT pathway that has primary importance. Studies on methylotrophy in Methylobacterium species have a long history, and this study provides further insights into genetic and physiological diversity and the differences in methylotrophy within the plant-colonizing methylotrophs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8060822","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,1]],"date-time":"2020-06-01T11:49:21Z","timestamp":1591012161000},"page":"822","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Lanthanide-Dependent Methanol and Formaldehyde Oxidation in Methylobacterium aquaticum Strain 22A"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Patcha","family":"Yanpirat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Okayama 710-0046, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yukari","family":"Nakatsuji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Okayama 710-0046, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shota","family":"Hiraga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Okayama 710-0046, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshiko","family":"Fujitani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Okayama 710-0046, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Terumi","family":"Izumi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Okayama 710-0046, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sachiko","family":"Masuda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Okayama 710-0046, Japan"},{"name":"Advanced Low Carbon Technology Research and Development Program, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan"},{"name":"RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryoji","family":"Mitsui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Okayama University of Science, Okayama 700-8530, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomoyuki","family":"Nakagawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan"},{"name":"The Graduate School of Natural Sciences and Technologies, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7685-9063","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Akio","family":"Tani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Okayama 710-0046, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/S1360-1385(96)88175-0","article-title":"Leaf methanol the simplest natural product from plants","volume":"1","author":"Fall","year":"1996","journal-title":"Trends Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Anthony, C. 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