{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T12:06:46Z","timestamp":1779106006611,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,13]],"date-time":"2020-06-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1592006400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"V\u00e4stra G\u00f6taland Regionen Avtal om L\u00e4karutbildning och Forskning (ALF)","award":["ALFGBG-720761"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ALFGBG-720761"]}]},{"name":"Joint Programme Initiative - Anti-Microbial Resistance (JPIAMR) and Swedish Vetenskapsr\u00e5det (VR)","award":["2016-06504"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016-06504"]}]},{"name":"Centre for Antibiotic Resistance Research (CARe), University of Gothenburg Global Challenges initiative","award":["205314021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["205314021"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Escherichia coli strain CCUG 78773 is a virulent extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase (ESBL)-producing ST131-O25b type strain isolated during an outbreak at a regional university hospital. The complete and closed genome sequence, comprising one chromosome (5,076,638 bp) and six plasmids (1718\u2013161,372 bp), is presented. Characterization of the genomic features detected the presence of 59 potential antibiotic resistance factors, including three prevalent \u03b2-lactamases. Several virulence associated elements were determined, mainly related with adherence, invasion, biofilm formation and antiphagocytosis. Twenty-eight putative type II toxin-antitoxin systems were found. The plasmids were characterized, through in silico analyses, confirming the two \u03b2-lactamase-encoding plasmids to be conjugative, while the remaining plasmids were mobilizable. BLAST analysis of the plasmid sequences showed high similarity with plasmids in E. coli from around the world. Expression of many of the described virulence and AMR factors was confirmed by proteomic analyses, using bottom-up, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS\/MS). The detailed characterization of E. coli strain CCUG 78773 provides a reference for the relevance of genetic elements, as well as the characterization of antibiotic resistance and the spread of bacteria harboring ESBL genes in the hospital environment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8060893","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,15]],"date-time":"2020-06-15T03:17:32Z","timestamp":1592191052000},"page":"893","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Genomic and Proteomic Characterization of the Extended-Spectrum \u03b2-Lactamase (ESBL)-Producing Escherichia coli Strain CCUG 73778: A Virulent, Nosocomial Outbreak Strain"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Daniel","family":"Ja\u00e9n-Luchoro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 40234 Gothenburg, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Microbiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Region V\u00e4stra G\u00f6taland, 41346 Gothenburg, Sweden"},{"name":"Culture Collection University of Gothenburg (CCUG), Sahlgrenska Academy of the University of Gothenburg, 41346 Gothenburg, Sweden"},{"name":"Centre for Antibiotic Resistance Research (CARe) at University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2793-1388","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Busquets","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology, Department of Biology, University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roger","family":"Karlsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 40234 Gothenburg, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Microbiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Region V\u00e4stra G\u00f6taland, 41346 Gothenburg, Sweden"},{"name":"Centre for Antibiotic Resistance Research (CARe) at University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden"},{"name":"Nanoxis Consulting AB, 40016 Gothenburg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francisco","family":"Salv\u00e0-Serra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 40234 Gothenburg, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Microbiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Region V\u00e4stra G\u00f6taland, 41346 Gothenburg, Sweden"},{"name":"Culture Collection University of Gothenburg (CCUG), Sahlgrenska Academy of the University of Gothenburg, 41346 Gothenburg, Sweden"},{"name":"Centre for Antibiotic Resistance Research (CARe) at University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden"},{"name":"Microbiology, Department of Biology, University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"\u00c5hr\u00e9n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 40234 Gothenburg, Sweden"},{"name":"Centre for Antibiotic Resistance Research (CARe) at University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden"},{"name":"Swedish Strategic Program against Antimicrobial Resistance (Strama), Region V\u00e4stra G\u00f6taland, Gothenburg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nahid","family":"Karami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 40234 Gothenburg, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Microbiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Region V\u00e4stra G\u00f6taland, 41346 Gothenburg, Sweden"},{"name":"Centre for Antibiotic Resistance Research (CARe) at University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7693-924X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edward R. B.","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 40234 Gothenburg, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Microbiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Region V\u00e4stra G\u00f6taland, 41346 Gothenburg, Sweden"},{"name":"Culture Collection University of Gothenburg (CCUG), Sahlgrenska Academy of the University of Gothenburg, 41346 Gothenburg, Sweden"},{"name":"Centre for Antibiotic Resistance Research (CARe) at University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2006.08.1075","article-title":"Epidemiology of urinary tract infections caused by extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli","volume":"68","author":"Ena","year":"2006","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2145","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkx146","article-title":"Global epidemiology of CTX-M \u03b2-lactamases: Temporal and geographical shifts in genotype","volume":"72","author":"Bevan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19051","DOI":"10.2807\/ese.13.47.19044-en","article-title":"Increasing prevalence of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae in Europe","volume":"13","author":"Coque","year":"2008","journal-title":"Euro Surveill."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2009.11.003","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of Escherichia coli producing CTX-M \u03b2-lactamases: The worldwide emergence of clone ST131 O25:H4","volume":"35","author":"Peirano","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00023-13","article-title":"Trends in human fecal carriage of extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamases in the community: Toward the globalization of CTX-M","volume":"26","author":"Woerther","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00116-14","article-title":"The role of epidemic resistance plasmids and international high-risk clones in the spread of multidrug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae","volume":"28","author":"Mathers","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S273","DOI":"10.1086\/430789","article-title":"Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases","volume":"41","author":"Turner","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Wetterstrand, K.A. (2020, June 10). DNA Sequencing Costs: Data from the NHGRI Genome Sequencing Program (GSP), Available online: www.genome.gov\/sequencingcostsdata."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09796","article-title":"A decade\u2019s perspective on DNA sequencing technology","volume":"470","author":"Mardis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41050","DOI":"10.1038\/srep41050","article-title":"Complete-genome sequencing elucidates outbreak dynamics of CA-MRSA USA300 (ST8-spa t008) in an academic hospital of Paramaribo, Republic of Suriname","volume":"7","author":"Sabat","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goldstein, S., Beka, L., Graf, J., and Klassen, J.L. (2019). Evaluation of strategies for the assembly of diverse bacterial genomes using MinION long-read sequencing. BMC Genom., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-018-5381-7"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"110","article-title":"CTX-M Enzymes: Origin and Diffusion","volume":"3","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107596","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.22538","article-title":"Expression characteristics of the plasmid-borne mcr-1 colistin resistance gene","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karami, N., Helldal, L., Welinder-Olsson, C., \u00c5hr\u00e9n, C., and Moore, E.R. (2013). Sub-typing of extended-spectrum-\u03b2-lactamase- producing isolates from a nosocomial outbreak: Application of a 10-loci generic Escherichia coli multi- locus variable number tandem repeat analysis. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0083030"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1021\/acsinfecdis.6b00017","article-title":"Rapid tracing of resistance plasmids in a nosocomial outbreak using optical DNA mapping","volume":"2","author":"Karami","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2836(61)80047-8","article-title":"A procedure for the isolation of deoxyribonucleic acid from micro-organisms","volume":"3","author":"Marmur","year":"1961","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salv\u00e0-Serra, F., Svensson-Stadler, L., Busquets, A., Ja\u00e9n-Luchoro, D., Karlsson, R., Moore, E.R., and Gomila, M. (2018). A protocol for extraction and purification of high-quality and quantity bacterial DNA applicable for genome sequencing: A modified version of the Marmur procedure. Protoc. Exch.","DOI":"10.1038\/protex.2018.084"},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Joshi, N.A., and Fass, J.N. (2020, June 10). Sickle: A sliding-window, adaptive, quality-based trimming tool for FastQ files. Available online: https:\/\/github.com\/najoshi\/sickle."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1089\/cmb.2012.0021","article-title":"SPAdes: A new genome assembly algorithm and its applications to single-cell sequencing","volume":"19","author":"Bankevich","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Comput. Biol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btv688","article-title":"hybridSPAdes: An algorithm for hybrid assembly of short and long reads","volume":"32","author":"Antipov","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btt086","article-title":"QUAST: Quality assessment tool for genome assemblies","volume":"29","author":"Gurevich","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6614","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkw569","article-title":"NCBI prokaryotic genome annotation pipeline","volume":"44","author":"Tatusova","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bts091","article-title":"Unipro UGENE: A unified bioinformatics toolkit","volume":"28","author":"Okonechnikov","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.64483-0","article-title":"DNA-DNA hybridization values and their relationship to whole-genome sequence similarities","volume":"57","author":"Goris","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btv681","article-title":"JSpeciesWS: A web server for prokaryotic species circumscription based on pairwise genome comparison","volume":"32","author":"Richter","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D581","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkt1099","article-title":"PATRIC, the bacterial bioinformatics database and analysis resource","volume":"42","author":"Wattam","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3348","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00419-13","article-title":"The comprehensive antibiotic resistance database","volume":"57","author":"McArthur","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D606","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkq908","article-title":"TADB: A web-based resource for Type 2 toxin-antitoxin loci in bacteria and archaea","volume":"39","author":"Shao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"e000206","article-title":"MOB-suite: Software tools for clustering, reconstruction and typing of plasmids from draft assemblies","volume":"4","author":"Robertson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microb. Genom."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W229","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gky352","article-title":"oriTfinder: A web-based tool for the identification of origin of transfers in DNA sequences of bacterial mobile genetic elements","volume":"46","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3895","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02412-14","article-title":"In Silico Detection and typing of plasmids using PlasmidFinder and plasmid multilocus sequence typing","volume":"58","author":"Carattoli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1074\/mcp.RA119.001667","article-title":"Discovery of species-unique peptide biomarkers of bacterial pathogens by tandem mass spectrometry-based proteotyping","volume":"19","author":"Karlsson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Proteom."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karlsson, R., Gonzales-Siles, L., Gomila, M., Busquets, A., Salv\u00e0-Serra, F., Ja\u00e9n-Luchoro, D., Jakobsson, H.E., Karlsson, A., Boulund, F., and Kristiansson, E. (2018). Proteotyping bacteria: Characterization, differentiation and identification of pneumococcus and other species within the Mitis Group of the genus Streptococcus by tandem mass spectrometry proteomics. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0208804"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10931","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-29334-5","article-title":"Evaluation of oxford nanopore\u2019s MinION sequencing device for microbial whole genome sequencing applications","volume":"8","author":"Tyler","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg.2016.49","article-title":"Coming of age: Ten years of next-generation sequencing technologies","volume":"17","author":"Goodwin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2009.11.011","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of fosfomycin resistance in clinical isolates of Escherichia coli","volume":"35","author":"Takahata","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkg222","article-title":"Mechanisms of resistance to quinolones: Target alterations, decreased accumulation and DNA gyrase protection","volume":"51","author":"Ruiz","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2002.03078.x","article-title":"Type 1 fimbriae and extracellular polysaccharides are preeminent uropathogenic Escherichia coli virulence determinants in the murine urinary tract","volume":"45","author":"Bahrani","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(81)92797-5","article-title":"Occurrence of P-fimbriated Escherichia coli in urinary tract infections","volume":"2","author":"Kallenius","year":"1981","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Rick, P.D., and Silver, R.P. (1996). Enterobacterial common antigen and capsular polysaccharides. Escherichia coli and Salmonella: Cellular and Molecular Biology, ASM Press. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17020","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.252529799","article-title":"Extensive mosaic structure revealed by the complete genome sequence of uropathogenic Escherichia coli","volume":"99","author":"Welch","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3532","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.01744-06","article-title":"Defining genomic islands and uropathogen-specific genes in uropathogenic Escherichia coli","volume":"189","author":"Lloyd","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10637","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0704104104","article-title":"Commensal and pathogenic Escherichia coli use a common pilus adherence factor for epithelial cell colonization","volume":"104","author":"Erdem","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.1996.tb02534.x","article-title":"Assembly of human contact phase proteins and release of bradykinin at the surface of curli-expressing Escherichia coli","volume":"20","author":"Nasr","year":"1996","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2442","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.180.9.2442-2449.1998","article-title":"Isolation of an Escherichia coli K-12 mutant strain able to form biofilms on inert surfaces: Involvement of a new ompR allele that increases curli expression","volume":"180","author":"Vidal","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.01306-08","article-title":"The type 4 pili of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 are multipurpose structures with pathogenic attributes","volume":"191","author":"Ledesma","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4751","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.67.9.4751-4756.1999","article-title":"The gene locus yijP contributes to Escherichia coli K1 invasion of brain microvascular endothelial cells","volume":"67","author":"Wang","year":"1999","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-147-4-965","article-title":"The product of the ybdE gene of the Escherichia coli chromosome is involved in detoxification of silver ions","volume":"147","author":"Grass","year":"2001","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2145","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.183.6.2145-2147.2001","article-title":"Genes involved in copper homeostasis in Escherichia coli","volume":"183","author":"Grass","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3393","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-147-12-3393","article-title":"Diversity of silver resistance genes in IncH incompatibility group plasmids","volume":"147","author":"Phung","year":"2001","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2000.01783.x","article-title":"The putative iron transport system SitABCD encoded on SPI1 is required for full virulence of Salmonella typhimurium","volume":"35","author":"Janakiraman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2087","article-title":"DSB proteins and bacterial pathogenicity","volume":"7","author":"Heras","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5140","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00449-06","article-title":"Thioredoxin 1 promotes intracellular replication and virulence of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium","volume":"74","author":"Bjur","year":"2006","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197405302902202","article-title":"Escherichia coli K1 capsular polysaccharide associated with neonatal meningitis","volume":"290","author":"Robbins","year":"1974","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Philip, A.G.S. (1985). Neonatal Sepsis and Meningitis, Hall Medical Publishers."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silver, R.P., and Vimr, E.R. (1990). Polysialic acid capsule of Escherichia coli K1. The Bacteria, Molecular Basis of Bacterial Pathogenesis, Academic Press.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-307211-5.50007-6"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.53.1.43","article-title":"Addiction modules and programmed cell death and antideath in bacterial cultures","volume":"53","author":"Glaser","year":"1999","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.182.3.561-572.2000","article-title":"Toxin-antitoxin modules may regulate synthesis of macromolecules during nutritional stress","volume":"182","author":"Gerdes","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Engelberg-Kulka, H., Amitai, S., Kolodkin-Gal, I., and Hazan, R. (2006). Bacterial programmed cell death and multicellular behavior in bacteria. PLoS Genet., 2.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.0020135"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2651","article-title":"Regulation of growth and death in Escherichia coli by toxin-antitoxin systems","volume":"9","author":"Yamaguchi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1007\/s12192-012-0396-5","article-title":"TAC from Mycobacterium tuberculosis: A paradigm for stress-responsive toxin-antitoxin systems controlled by SecB-like chaperones","volume":"18","author":"Sala","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Stress Chaperones"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e26219","DOI":"10.4161\/mge.26219","article-title":"Toxin-antitoxin systems: Biology, identification, and application","volume":"3","author":"Unterholzner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mob. Genet. Elem."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14328","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.251327898","article-title":"RelE, a global inhibitor of translation, is activated during nutritional stress","volume":"98","author":"Christensen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.170.4.1461-1466.1988","article-title":"Two genes, pemK and pemI, responsible for stable maintenance of resistance plasmid R100","volume":"170","author":"Tsuchimoto","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wozniak, R.A.F., and Waldor, M.K. (2009). A toxin\u2013antitoxin system promotes the maintenance of an integrative conjugative element. PLoS Genet., 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1000439"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6976.2009.00168.x","article-title":"The diversity of conjugative relaxases and its application in plasmid classification","volume":"33","author":"Francia","year":"2009","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.00020-10","article-title":"Mobility of plasmids","volume":"74","author":"Smillie","year":"2010","journal-title":"Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.femsre.2003.09.001","article-title":"A classification scheme for mobilization regions of bacterial plasmids","volume":"28","author":"Francia","year":"2004","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2015.00242","article-title":"Genomics of microbial plasmids: Classification and identification based on replication and transfer systems and host taxonomy","volume":"6","author":"Shintani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2015.02.012","article-title":"Structural biology of the Gram-negative bacterial conjugation systems","volume":"23","author":"Ilangovan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1208317","DOI":"10.1080\/2159256X.2016.1208317","article-title":"An updated view of plasmid conjugation and mobilization in Staphylococcus","volume":"6","author":"Ramsay","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mob. Genet. Elem."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkz028","article-title":"Convergence of virulence and MDR in a single plasmid vector in MDR Klebsiella pneumoniae ST15","volume":"74","author":"Lam","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3758","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.48.10.3758-3764.2004","article-title":"Complete nucleotide sequence of a 92-kilobase plasmid harboring the CTX-M-15 extended-spectrum beta-lactamase involved in an outbreak in long-term-care facilities in Toronto, Canada","volume":"48","author":"Boyd","year":"2004","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00744-13","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00744-13","article-title":"Protein domains of unknown function are essential in bacteria","volume":"5","author":"Goodacre","year":"2014","journal-title":"mBio"}],"container-title":["Microorganisms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/8\/6\/893\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:38:38Z","timestamp":1760175518000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/8\/6\/893"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,13]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]}},"alternative-id":["microorganisms8060893"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms8060893","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2607"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2607","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,13]]}}}