{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T06:23:07Z","timestamp":1790662987674,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,16]],"date-time":"2020-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1592265600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ticks are obligate hematophagous arthropods and act as vectors for a great variety of pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, protozoa, and helminths. Some tick-borne viruses, such as Powassan virus and tick-borne encephalitis virus, are transmissible within 15\u201360 min after tick attachment. However, a minimum of 3\u201324 h of tick attachment is necessary to effectively transmit bacterial agents such as Ehrlichia spp., Anaplasma spp., and Rickettsia spp. to a new host. Longer transmission periods were reported for Borrelia spp. and protozoans such as Babesia spp., which require a minimum duration of 24\u201348 h of tick attachment for maturation and migration of the pathogen. Laboratory observations indicate that the probability of transmission of tick-borne pathogens increases with the duration an infected tick is allowed to remain attached to the host. However, the transmission time may be shortened when partially fed infected ticks detach from their initial host and reattach to a new host, on which they complete their engorgement. For example, early transmission of tick-borne pathogens (e.g., Rickettsia rickettsii, Borrelia burgdorferi, and Babesia canis) and a significantly shorter transmission time were demonstrated in laboratory experiments by interrupted blood feeding. The relevance of such situations under field conditions remains poorly documented. In this review, we explore parameters of, and causes leading to, spontaneous interrupted feeding in nature, as well as the effects of this behavior on the minimum time required for transmission of tick-borne pathogens.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8060910","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,16]],"date-time":"2020-06-16T13:20:43Z","timestamp":1592313643000},"page":"910","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"title":["Interrupted Blood Feeding in Ticks: Causes and Consequences"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3061-9747","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Djamel","family":"Tahir","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinvet Morocco, B.P 301, Mohammedia 28815, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leon","family":"Meyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinvet Morocco, B.P 301, Mohammedia 28815, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josephus","family":"Fourie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinvet International, P.O. Box 11186, Universitas, Bloemfontein 9321, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frans","family":"Jongejan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Utrecht Centre for Tick-Borne Diseases, FAO Reference Centre for Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Mather","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Vector-Borne Disease, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Val\u00e9rie","family":"Choumet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environnement et Risques Infectieux, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Byron","family":"Blagburn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reinhard K.","family":"Straubinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Bacteriology and Mycology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1176-5802","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marie","family":"Varloud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ceva Sant\u00e9 Animale, 10 Avenue de la Ballasti\u00e8re, 33500 Libourne, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2004.03.006","article-title":"Tick-borne rickettsial diseases: Emerging risks in Europe","volume":"27","author":"Parola","year":"2004","journal-title":"Comp. 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