{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T14:44:22Z","timestamp":1789656262248,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,19]],"date-time":"2020-06-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1592524800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007061","name":"Secretar\u00eda Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnolog\u00eda e Innovaci\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["4-ITE16-R2-012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4-ITE16-R2-012"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007061","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Sistema Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n - Secretaria Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnolog\u00eda e Innovaci\u00f3n","award":["214-2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["214-2017"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Stray animals such as dogs and cats have an important role in maintaining the transmission cycles and dissemination of Toxoplasma gondii. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the frequency of T. gondii in stray dogs and cats in six different regions of Panama and determine risk factors associated with the dynamics of infection in each of the studied regions. Data were obtained using serological tests for the detection of anti-T. gondii IgG and IgM antibodies. The results of this study revealed an overall infection frequency of 23.73%. The infection frequencies found in dog and cat populations were 25.70% and 21.93% respectively, showing no statistically significant difference. Risk factor correlations suggested different infection dynamics depending on the region analyzed. The San Miguelito, North and West regions were more associated with positive cases in dogs with an age range greater than 13 months. Conversely, the Metro, Central and East regions were more associated with negative cases in cats with age ranging between 0 and 5 months. Infection of the parasite in stray animals can be influenced by intrinsic characteristics of each region, which can potentiate different risk factors associated with the different routes of transmission.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8060927","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,19]],"date-time":"2020-06-19T10:43:58Z","timestamp":1592563438000},"page":"927","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Frequency of Toxoplasma gondii and Risk Factors Associated with the Infection in Stray Dogs and Cats of Panama"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Lorena","family":"F\u00e1brega","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Biolog\u00eda Celular y Molecular de Enfermedades, Instituto de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y Servicios de Alta Tecnolog\u00eda (INDICASAT-AIP), Panam\u00e1 0801, Panama"},{"name":"Departamento de Cl\u00ednicas y Cirug\u00edas Veterinarias, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad de Panam\u00e1, Campus Harmodio \u00c1rias Madrid (Curundu), Panam\u00e1 4, Apartado 3366, Panama"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1311-1132","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos M.","family":"Restrepo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Biolog\u00eda Celular y Molecular de Enfermedades, Instituto de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y Servicios de Alta Tecnolog\u00eda (INDICASAT-AIP), Panam\u00e1 0801, Panama"},{"name":"Sistema Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n\u2013Secretar\u00eda Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnolog\u00eda e Innovasi\u00f3n (SNI-SENACYT), Ciudad del Saber (Clayton), Apartado 0816-02852, Panama"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alicia","family":"Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Cl\u00ednicas y Cirug\u00edas Veterinarias, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad de Panam\u00e1, Campus Harmodio \u00c1rias Madrid (Curundu), Panam\u00e1 4, Apartado 3366, Panama"},{"name":"Complejo Hospitalario Veterinario de Corozal, Corregimiento de Anc\u00f3n, calle Hospital, edificio 6553, 6554, 6555, Panam\u00e1 4, Apartado 3366, Panama"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diorene","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parque Municipal Summit, Corregimiento de Anc\u00f3n, Avenida Gaillard, Zona 1, Apartado 503, Panama"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3n Spay Panam\u00e1. Bethania, Apartado 0818-00423, Panama"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dimas","family":"P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Medico Veterinarius, Apartado 08001, Panama"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Cumbrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Sistema de Informaci\u00f3n Geogr\u00e1fica de la Direcci\u00f3n de Investigaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo Tecnol\u00f3gico, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud (Calidonia), Apartado 0816-02593, Panama"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4538-9489","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zuleima","family":"Caballero E.","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Biolog\u00eda Celular y Molecular de Enfermedades, Instituto de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y Servicios de Alta Tecnolog\u00eda (INDICASAT-AIP), Panam\u00e1 0801, Panama"},{"name":"Sistema Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n\u2013Secretar\u00eda Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnolog\u00eda e Innovasi\u00f3n (SNI-SENACYT), Ciudad del Saber (Clayton), Apartado 0816-02852, Panama"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"e0022016","article-title":"Anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in mammals, birds and reptiles at the zoological-botanical park in Jo\u00e3o Pessoa, Para\u00edba, Brazil","volume":"84","author":"Pena","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arq. 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