{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:56:39Z","timestamp":1787028999646,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":234,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,24]],"date-time":"2020-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1592956800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003130","name":"Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["G051812N and 12I0317N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G051812N and 12I0317N"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003130","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007660","name":"Universiteit Antwerpen","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TT-ZAPBOF 33049"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TT-ZAPBOF 33049"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007660","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Kinetoplastids are the causative agents of leishmaniasis, human African trypanosomiasis, and American trypanosomiasis. They are responsible for high mortality and morbidity in (sub)tropical regions. Adequate treatment options are limited and have several drawbacks, such as toxicity, need for parenteral administration, and occurrence of treatment failure and drug resistance. Therefore, there is an urgency for the development of new drugs. Phenotypic screening already allowed the identification of promising new chemical entities with anti-kinetoplastid activity potential, but knowledge on their mode-of-action (MoA) is lacking due to the generally applied whole-cell based approach. However, identification of the drug target is essential to steer further drug discovery and development. Multiple complementary techniques have indeed been used for MoA elucidation. In this review, the different \u2018omics\u2019 approaches employed to define the MoA or mode-of-resistance of current reference drugs and some new anti-kinetoplastid compounds are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8060950","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,24]],"date-time":"2020-06-24T08:54:50Z","timestamp":1592988890000},"page":"950","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Experimental Strategies to Explore Drug Action and Resistance in Kinetoplastid Parasites"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Magali","family":"Van den Kerkhof","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7420-0983","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yann","family":"Sterckx","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry (LMB), University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philippe","family":"Leprohon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie du Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Qu\u00e9bec, Universit\u00e9 Laval, Qu\u00e9bec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2324-9509","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Louis","family":"Maes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4870-3202","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guy","family":"Caljon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)14694-6","article-title":"The trypanosomiases","volume":"362","author":"Barrett","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1570","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60233-6","article-title":"Rescuing the bottom billion through control of neglected tropical diseases","volume":"373","author":"Hotez","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1021\/acsinfecdis.8b00298","article-title":"Drug Discovery for Kinetoplastid Diseases: Future Directions","volume":"5","author":"Rao","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Infect. 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