{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T07:12:25Z","timestamp":1790665945884,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,30]],"date-time":"2020-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1593475200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1) Background: Bacillus anthracis is a spore-forming, Gram-positive bacterium causing anthrax, a zoonosis affecting mainly livestock. When occasionally infecting humans, B. anthracis provokes three different clinical forms: cutaneous, digestive and inhalational anthrax. More recently, an injectional anthrax form has been described in intravenous drug users. (2) Case presentation: We report here the clinical and microbiological features, as well as the strain phylogenetic analysis, of the only injectional anthrax case observed in France so far. A 27-year-old patient presented a massive dermohypodermatitis with an extensive edema of the right arm, and the development of drug-resistant shocks. After three weeks in an intensive care unit, the patient recovered, but the microbiological identification of B. anthracis was achieved after a long delay. (3) Conclusions: Anthrax diagnostic may be difficult clinically and microbiologically. The phylogenetic analysis of the Bacillus anthracis strain PF1 confirmed its relatedness to the injectional anthrax European outbreak group-II.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8070985","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,30]],"date-time":"2020-06-30T16:06:54Z","timestamp":1593533214000},"page":"985","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Case Report of an Injectional Anthrax in France, 2012"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Jean-Marc","family":"Thouret","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre Hospitalier Centre Hospitalier M\u00e9tropole Savoie, rue Lucien Bizet, 73000 Chamb\u00e9ry, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivier","family":"Rogeaux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre Hospitalier Centre Hospitalier M\u00e9tropole Savoie, rue Lucien Bizet, 73000 Chamb\u00e9ry, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8816-0401","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Beaudouin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre Hospitalier Centre Hospitalier M\u00e9tropole Savoie, rue Lucien Bizet, 73000 Chamb\u00e9ry, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marion","family":"Levast","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre Hospitalier Centre Hospitalier M\u00e9tropole Savoie, rue Lucien Bizet, 73000 Chamb\u00e9ry, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincent","family":"Ramisse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DGA Ma\u00eetrise NRBC, 5 rue Lavoisier, 91710 Vert le Petit, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3632-2146","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabrice V.","family":"Biot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNR-LE Charbon (National Reference Laboratory for Anthrax), Institut de Recherche Biom\u00e9dicale des Arm\u00e9es, 1 Place G\u00e9n\u00e9ral Val\u00e9rie Andr\u00e9, 91220 Br\u00e9tigny sur Orge, France"},{"name":"D\u00e9partement Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biom\u00e9dicale des Arm\u00e9es, 1 Place G\u00e9n\u00e9ral Val\u00e9rie Andr\u00e9, 91220 Br\u00e9tigny sur Orge, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Valade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNR-LE Charbon (National Reference Laboratory for Anthrax), Institut de Recherche Biom\u00e9dicale des Arm\u00e9es, 1 Place G\u00e9n\u00e9ral Val\u00e9rie Andr\u00e9, 91220 Br\u00e9tigny sur Orge, France"},{"name":"Direction Centrale du Service de Sant\u00e9 des Arm\u00e9es, 60 Boulevard du G\u00e9n\u00e9ral Martial Valin, 75015 Paris, France"},{"name":"Ecole du Val-de-Gr\u00e2ce, 1 Place Alphonse Laveran, 75 005 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Thibault","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNR-LE Charbon (National Reference Laboratory for Anthrax), Institut de Recherche Biom\u00e9dicale des Arm\u00e9es, 1 Place G\u00e9n\u00e9ral Val\u00e9rie Andr\u00e9, 91220 Br\u00e9tigny sur Orge, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivier","family":"Gorg\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNR-LE Charbon (National Reference Laboratory for Anthrax), Institut de Recherche Biom\u00e9dicale des Arm\u00e9es, 1 Place G\u00e9n\u00e9ral Val\u00e9rie Andr\u00e9, 91220 Br\u00e9tigny sur Orge, France"},{"name":"D\u00e9partement Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biom\u00e9dicale des Arm\u00e9es, 1 Place G\u00e9n\u00e9ral Val\u00e9rie Andr\u00e9, 91220 Br\u00e9tigny sur Orge, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Nicolas","family":"Tournier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNR-LE Charbon (National Reference Laboratory for Anthrax), Institut de Recherche Biom\u00e9dicale des Arm\u00e9es, 1 Place G\u00e9n\u00e9ral Val\u00e9rie Andr\u00e9, 91220 Br\u00e9tigny sur Orge, France"},{"name":"D\u00e9partement Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biom\u00e9dicale des Arm\u00e9es, 1 Place G\u00e9n\u00e9ral Val\u00e9rie Andr\u00e9, 91220 Br\u00e9tigny sur Orge, France"},{"name":"Ecole du Val-de-Gr\u00e2ce, 1 Place Alphonse Laveran, 75 005 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.55.1.647","article-title":"Anthrax","volume":"55","author":"Mock","year":"2001","journal-title":"Annu. 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Questionable Efficacy of Therapeutic Antibodies in the Treatment of Anthrax. mSphere, 4.","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00282-19"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1452","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2009.131481","article-title":"Confirmed Bacillus anthracis infection among persons who inject drugs, Scotland, 2009\u20132010","volume":"20","author":"Booth","year":"2014","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. 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