{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T05:45:09Z","timestamp":1790401509915,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":153,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,8]],"date-time":"2020-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1594166400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KM"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KM"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008871","name":"Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation United States of America","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KM"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KM"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a chronic autoimmune disorder that results from the selective destruction of insulin-producing \u03b2-cells in the pancreas. Up to now, the mechanisms triggering the initiation and progression of the disease are, in their complexity, not fully understood and imply the disruption of several tolerance networks. Viral infection is one of the environmental factors triggering diabetes, which is initially based on the observation that the disease\u2019s incidence follows a periodic pattern within the population. Moreover, the strong correlation of genetic susceptibility is a prerequisite for enteroviral infection associated islet autoimmunity. Epidemiological data and clinical findings indicate enteroviral infections, mainly of the coxsackie B virus family, as potential pathogenic mechanisms to trigger the autoimmune reaction towards \u03b2-cells, resulting in the boost of inflammation following \u03b2-cell destruction and the onset of T1D. This review discusses previously identified virus-associated genetics and pathways of \u03b2-cell destruction. Is it the virus itself which leads to \u03b2-cell destruction and T1D progression? Or is it genetic, so that the virus may activate auto-immunity and \u03b2-cell destruction only in genetically predisposed individuals?<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8071017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,8]],"date-time":"2020-07-08T11:47:46Z","timestamp":1594208866000},"page":"1017","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Enteroviruses and T1D: Is It the Virus, the Genes or Both which Cause T1D"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3584-812X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shirin","family":"Geravandi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7436-1197","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kathrin","family":"Maedler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-018-1066-5","article-title":"Immune mechanisms and pathways targeted in type 1 diabetes","volume":"18","author":"Jacobsen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. 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