{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T09:11:00Z","timestamp":1767863460761,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,24]],"date-time":"2020-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1595548800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In Uganda, bovine babesiosis continues to cause losses to the livestock industry because of shortages of cheap, quick, and reliable diagnostic tools to guide prescription measures. In this study, the presence of antibodies to Babesia bigemina and Babesia bovis in 401 bovine blood samples obtained from eastern and central areas of Uganda were detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) and immunochromatographic test strips (ICTs). The ELISA and ICT test used targeted the B. bigemina C-terminal rhoptry-associated protein (RAP-1\/CT17) and B. bovis spherical body protein-4 (SPB-4). Using ELISA, single-ICT and dual-ICT, positive samples for B. bovis were detected in 25 (6.2%), 17 (4.3%), and 14 (3.7%) samples respectively, and positive samples for B. bigemina were detected in 34 (8.4%), 27 (6.7%), and 25 (6.2%), respectively. Additionally, a total of 13 animals (3.2%) had a mixed infection. The correlation between ELISA and single-ICT strips results revealed slight agreement with kappa values ranging from 0.088 to 0.191 between both methods, while the comparison between dual-ICT and single-ICT results showed very good agreement with kappa values &gt;0.80. This study documented the seroprevalence of bovine babesiosis in central and eastern Uganda, and showed that ICT could, after further optimization, be a useful rapid diagnostic test for the diagnosis of bovine babesiosis in field settings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8081110","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,24]],"date-time":"2020-07-24T09:06:09Z","timestamp":1595581569000},"page":"1110","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Assessing the Immunochromatographic Test Strip for Serological Detection of Bovine Babesiosis in Uganda"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3116-7538","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dickson","family":"Stuart Tayebwa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Nishi 2 -13, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan"},{"name":"RTC Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animals\u2019 Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala 7062, Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amany","family":"Magdy Beshbishy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Nishi 2 -13, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7817-425X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gaber El-Saber","family":"Batiha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Nishi 2 -13, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, El-Beheira, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mariam","family":"Komugisha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries, Entebbe 513, Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Byaruhanga","family":"Joseph","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RTC Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animals\u2019 Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala 7062, Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Vudriko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Nishi 2 -13, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan"},{"name":"RTC Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animals\u2019 Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala 7062, Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ramadan","family":"Yahia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of pharmacy, Deraya University, Minia 11566, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luay","family":"Alkazmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology Department, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8541-7304","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helal F.","family":"Hetta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0595, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Naoaki","family":"Yokoyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Nishi 2 -13, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ikuo","family":"Igarashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Nishi 2 -13, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-007-9091-4","article-title":"Milk production systems in Central Uganda: A farm economic analysis","volume":"40","author":"Ndambi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trop. 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