{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T20:44:05Z","timestamp":1772138645416,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,20]],"date-time":"2020-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1597881600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010081","name":"Conseil R\u00e9gional de La R\u00e9union","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZIKAlert program, N\u00b0 SYNERGIE: RE00001902"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZIKAlert program, N\u00b0 SYNERGIE: RE00001902"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010081","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>There are a several emerging and re-emerging RNA viruses that are prevalent around the world for which there are no licensed vaccines or antiviral drugs. Zika virus (ZIKV) is an example of an emerging virus that has become a significant concern worldwide because of its association with severe congenital malformations and neurological disorders in adults. Several polyphenol-rich extracts from plants were used as nutraceuticals which exhibit potent in vitro antiviral effects. Here, we demonstrated that the papaya pulp extracted from Carica papaya fruit inhibits the infection of ZIKV in human cells without loss of cell viability. At the non-cytotoxic concentrations, papaya pulp extract has the ability to reduce the virus progeny production in ZIKV-infected human cells by at least 4-log, regardless of viral strains tested. Time-of-drug-addition assays revealed that papaya pulp extract interfered with the attachment of viral particles to the host cells. With a view of preserving the properties of papaya pulp over time, lactic fermentation based on the use of bacterial strains Weissella cibaria 64, Lactobacillus plantarum 75 and Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides 56 was performed and the resulting fermented papaya pulp samples were tested on ZIKV. We found that lactic fermentation of papaya pulp causes a moderate loss of antiviral activity against ZIKV in a bacterial strain-dependent manner. Whereas IC50 of the papaya pulp extract was 0.3 mg\/mL, we found that fermentation resulted in IC50 up to 4 mg\/mL. We can conclude that papaya pulp possesses antiviral activity against ZIKV and the fermentation process has a moderate effect on the antiviral effect.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8091257","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,20]],"date-time":"2020-08-20T09:35:31Z","timestamp":1597916131000},"page":"1257","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Papaya Fruit Pulp and Resulting Lactic Fermented Pulp Exert Antiviral Activity against Zika Virus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Juliano G.","family":"Haddad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 Mixte Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical, INSERM U1187, CNRS UMR 9192, IRD UMR 249, Universit\u00e9 de la R\u00e9union, Plateforme Technologique CYROI, 94791 Sainte Clotilde, La R\u00e9union, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Victoria","family":"Carcauzon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 Mixte Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical, INSERM U1187, CNRS UMR 9192, IRD UMR 249, Universit\u00e9 de la R\u00e9union, Plateforme Technologique CYROI, 94791 Sainte Clotilde, La R\u00e9union, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Omar","family":"El Kalamouni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 Mixte Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical, INSERM U1187, CNRS UMR 9192, IRD UMR 249, Universit\u00e9 de la R\u00e9union, Plateforme Technologique CYROI, 94791 Sainte Clotilde, La R\u00e9union, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8926-4050","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philippe","family":"Despr\u00e8s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 Mixte Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical, INSERM U1187, CNRS UMR 9192, IRD UMR 249, Universit\u00e9 de la R\u00e9union, Plateforme Technologique CYROI, 94791 Sainte Clotilde, La R\u00e9union, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6705-6859","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cyrielle","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR QualiSud, Universit\u00e9 de La R\u00e9union, CIRAD, Universit\u00e9 Montpellier, Montpellier SupAgro, Universit\u00e9 d\u2019Avignon, ESIROI, 2 rue J. Wetzell, Parc Technologique Universitaire, 97490 Sainte Clotilde, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6860-2089","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabienne","family":"Remize","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR QualiSud, Universit\u00e9 de La R\u00e9union, CIRAD, Universit\u00e9 Montpellier, Montpellier SupAgro, Universit\u00e9 d\u2019Avignon, ESIROI, 2 rue J. Wetzell, Parc Technologique Universitaire, 97490 Sainte Clotilde, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4673-6614","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chaker","family":"El Kalamouni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 Mixte Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical, INSERM U1187, CNRS UMR 9192, IRD UMR 249, Universit\u00e9 de la R\u00e9union, Plateforme Technologique CYROI, 94791 Sainte Clotilde, La R\u00e9union, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2018.02.009","article-title":"Zika virus: From an obscurity to a priority","volume":"20","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kosoltanapiwat, N., Tongshoob, J., Singkhaimuk, P., Nitatsukprasert, C., Davidson, S.A., and Ponlawat, A. 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