{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T22:53:11Z","timestamp":1772578391127,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,20]],"date-time":"2020-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1600560000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001824","name":"Grantov\u00e1 Agentura \u010cesk\u00e9 Republiky","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["17-01911S"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17-01911S"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001824","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008579","name":"P\u0159\u00edrodov\u011bdeck\u00e1 Fakulta, Univerzita Karlova","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UNCE 204072"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UNCE 204072"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008579","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008579","name":"P\u0159\u00edrodov\u011bdeck\u00e1 Fakulta, Univerzita Karlova","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GAUK 688217"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GAUK 688217"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008579","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010661","name":"Horizon 2020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Marie-Sklodowska Curie grant 642609"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Marie-Sklodowska Curie grant 642609"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"European Regional Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["project CePaViP (CZ.02.1.01\/0.0\/0.0\/16_019\/0000759)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["project CePaViP (CZ.02.1.01\/0.0\/0.0\/16_019\/0000759)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The clinical manifestation of leishmaniases depends on parasite species, host genetic background, and immune response. Manifestations of human leishmaniases are highly variable, ranging from self-healing skin lesions to fatal visceral disease. The scope of standard model hosts is insufficient to mimic well the wide disease spectrum, which compels the introduction of new model animals for leishmaniasis research. In this article, we study the susceptibility of three Asian rodent species (Cricetulus griseus, Lagurus lagurus, and Phodopus sungorus) to Leishmania major and L. donovani. The external manifestation of the disease, distribution, as well as load of parasites and infectiousness to natural sand fly vectors, were compared with standard models, BALB\/c mice and Mesocricetus auratus. No significant differences were found in disease outcomes in animals inoculated with sand fly- or culture-derived parasites. All Asian rodent species were highly susceptible to L. major. Phodopus sungorus showed the non-healing phenotype with the progressive growth of ulcerative lesions and massive parasite loads. Lagurus lagurus and C. griseus represented the healing phenotype, the latter with high infectiousness to vectors, mimicking best the character of natural reservoir hosts. Both, L. lagurus and C. griseus were also highly susceptible to L. donovani, having wider parasite distribution and higher parasite loads and infectiousness than standard model animals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8091440","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,20]],"date-time":"2020-09-20T21:20:28Z","timestamp":1600636828000},"page":"1440","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Central Asian Rodents as Model Animals for Leishmania major and Leishmania donovani Research"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7961-291X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbora","family":"Vojtkova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 12844 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tatiana","family":"Spitzova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 12844 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0552-9363","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan","family":"Votypka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 12844 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tereza","family":"Lestinova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 12844 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Iveta","family":"Kominkova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 12844 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michaela","family":"Hajkova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 12844 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Santos-Mateus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5834-8734","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael A.","family":"Miles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Petr","family":"Volf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 12844 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0432-2707","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jovana","family":"Sadlova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 12844 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alvar, J., V\u00e9lez, I.D., Bern, C., Herrero, M., Desjeux, P., Cano, J., Jannin, J., and den Boer, M. (2012). Leishmaniasis worldwide and global estimates of its incidence. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0035671"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bern, C., Maguire, J.H., and Alvar, J. (2008). Complexities of assessing the disease burden attributable to leishmaniasis. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 2.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000313"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akhoundi, M., Kuhls, K., Cannet, A., Vot\u00fdpka, J., Marty, P., Delaunay, P., and Sereno, D. (2016). A historical overview of the classification, evolution, and dispersion of Leishmania parasites and sandflies. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004349"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2007.03154.x","article-title":"Clinical manifestations and classification of Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"46","author":"Akilov","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/0738-081X(96)00057-0","article-title":"Leishmaniasis: Public health aspects and control","volume":"14","author":"Desjeux","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1590\/S0036-46652014000100001","article-title":"Animal models for the study of leishmaniasis immunology","volume":"56","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Sao Paulo"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-9525(02)00007-0","article-title":"Wild mice: An ever-increasing contribution to a popular mammalian model","volume":"19","author":"Guenet","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trends Genet."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1995.11813015","article-title":"Experimental models for leishmaniasis and for testing anti-leishmanial vaccines","volume":"89","author":"Hommel","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roque, A.L.R., Cupolillo, E., Marchevsky, R.S., and Jansen, A.M. (2010). Thrichomys laurentius (Rodentia; Echimyidae) as a putative reservoir of Leishmania infantum and L. braziliensis: Patterns of experimental infection. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000589"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1590\/S0036-46652012000300009","article-title":"Preliminary study towards a novel experimental model to study localized cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania (Leishmania) mexicana","volume":"54","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Sao Paulo"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-21-181","article-title":"The experimental transmission of leishmaniasis to animals","volume":"21","author":"Smyly","year":"1924","journal-title":"Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"254","article-title":"Experimental kala azar in a hamster, Cricetulus griseus M.Edw","volume":"6","author":"Young","year":"1926","journal-title":"Am. J. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Hindle, E., and Patton, W.S. (1926). Reports from the Royal Society\u2019s Kala Azar Commission in China. No. 2.\u2014Experiments Bearing on the Susceptibility of the Striped Hamster (Cricetulus griseus) to Leishmania of Chinese Kala Azar. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci., 374\u2013379."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"147","article-title":"The Histopathology of Kala-Azar in the Hamster, Monkey, and Man","volume":"1","author":"Meleney","year":"1925","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00080-14","article-title":"Visceral leishmaniasis in China: An endemic disease under control","volume":"28","author":"Lun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1948-7134.2011.00106.x","article-title":"Establishment and maintenance of sand fly colonies","volume":"36","author":"Volf","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Vector Ecol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sadlova, J., Yeo, M., Seblova, V., Lewis, M.D., Mauricio, I., Volf, P., and Miles, M. (2011). Visualisation of Leishmania donovani fluorescent hybrids during early stage development in the sand fly vector. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0019851"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-0765-x","article-title":"Xenodiagnosis of Leishmania donovani in BALB\/c mice using Phlebotomus orientalis: A new laboratory model","volume":"8","author":"Sadlova","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasite. Vector."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygeno.2009.01.007","article-title":"Genome-wide analysis reveals increased levels of transcripts related with infectivity in peanut lectin non-agglutinated promastigotes of Leishmania infantum","volume":"93","author":"Alcolea","year":"2009","journal-title":"Genomics"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1765","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2010.01507.x","article-title":"The stage-regulated HASPB and SHERP proteins are essential for differentiation of the protozoan parasite Leishmania major in its sand fly vector, Phlebotomus papatasi","volume":"12","author":"Sadlova","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-5-276","article-title":"Leishmania development in sand flies: Parasite-vector interactions overview","volume":"5","author":"Volf","year":"2012","journal-title":"Parasite. Vector."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seblova, V., Volfova, V., Dvorak, V., Pruzinova, K., Votypka, J., Kassahun, A., Gebre-Michael, T., Hailu, A., Warburg, A., and Volf, P. (2013). Phlebotomus orientalis sand flies from two geographically distant Ethiopian localities: Biology, genetic analyses and susceptibility to Leishmania donovani. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002187"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-4-159","article-title":"First detection of Leishmania killicki (Kinetoplastida, Trypanosomatidae) in Ctenodactylus gundi (Rodentia, Ctenodactylidae), a possible reservoir of human cutaneous leishmaniasis in Tunisia","volume":"4","author":"Jaouadi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Parasite Vectors"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2017.09.022","article-title":"Natural infection of Ctenodactylus gundi by Leishmania major in Tunisia","volume":"177","author":"Ghawar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"139","article-title":"Molecular survey on detection of leishmania infection in rodent reservoirs in Jahrom District, Southern Iran","volume":"8","author":"Davami","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Arthropod. Borne. Dis."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1179\/136485911X12987676649827","article-title":"The PCR-based detection of Leishmania major in Mus musculus and other rodents caught in southern Iran: A guide to sample selection","volume":"105","author":"Parhizkari","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"27","article-title":"Cricetulus migratorius (gray hamster), another possible animal reservoir of Kala-Azar in Meshkin-Shahr, Iran","volume":"24","author":"Mohebali","year":"1995","journal-title":"Iran. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-9062.249125","article-title":"Geographic distribution and spatial analysis of Leishmania infantum infection in domestic and wild animal reservoir hosts of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis in Iran: A systematic review","volume":"55","author":"Mohebali","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Vector Borne Dis"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"181","article-title":"Family Cricetidae","volume":"Volume 7","author":"Wilson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Handbook of the Mammals of the World. Rodents II"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1016\/0738-081X(96)00041-7","article-title":"Leishmaniasis reservoirs and their significance in control","volume":"14","author":"Ashford","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McCall, L.I., Zhang, W.W., and Matlashewski, G. (2013). Determinants for the development of visceral leishmaniasis disease. PLoS Pathog., 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003053"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1413-9","article-title":"Study of Leishmania pathogenesis in mice: Experimental considerations","volume":"9","author":"Loeuillet","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasit. Vector."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1328","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jis932","article-title":"A new model of progressive visceral leishmaniasis in hamsters by natural transmission via bites of vector sand flies","volume":"207","author":"Aslan","year":"2013","journal-title":"JID"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02675","article-title":"Transmission of cutaneous leishmaniasis by sand flies is enhanced by regurgitation of fPPG","volume":"430","author":"Rogers","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4894(79)90079-1","article-title":"Leishmania braziliensis and Leishmania mexicana: Experimental cutaneous infections in golden hamsters","volume":"47","author":"Wilson","year":"1979","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-015-0281-1","article-title":"Natural transmission of Leishmania infantum through experimentally infected Phlebotomus perniciosus highlights the virulence of Leishmania parasites circulating in the human visceral leishmaniasis outbreak in Madrid, Spain","volume":"46","author":"Eguiluz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005600","article-title":"Insights into the sand fly saliva: Blood-feeding and immune interactions between sand flies, hosts, and Leishmania","volume":"11","author":"Lestinova","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5011","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1000541","article-title":"Leishmania exosomes modulate innate and adaptive immune responses through effects on monocytes and dendritic cells","volume":"185","author":"Silverman","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10125","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0802331105","article-title":"Quantification of the infectious dose of Leishmania major transmitted to the skin by single sand flies","volume":"105","author":"Kimblin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maia, C., Seblova, V., Sadlova, J., Votypka, J., and Volf, P. (2011). Experimental transmission of Leishmania infantum by two major vectors: A comparison between a viscerotropic and a dermotropic strain. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001181"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-5-20","article-title":"The transmission of Leishmania infantum chagasi by the bite of the Lutzomyia longipalpis to two different vertebrates","volume":"5","author":"Secundino","year":"2012","journal-title":"Parasite. Vector."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Doehl, J.S.P., Sadlova, J., Aslan, H., Pruzinova, K., Metangmo, S., Votypka, J., Kamhawi, S., Volf, P., and Smith, D.F. (2017). Leishmania HASP and SHERP genes are required for in vivo differentiation, parasite transmission and virulence attenuation in the host. PLoS Pathog., 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006130"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1941","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.188.10.1941","article-title":"Development of a natural model of cutaneous leishmaniasis: Powerful effects of vector saliva and saliva preexposure on the long-term outcome of Leishmania major infection in the mouse ear dermis","volume":"188","author":"Belkaid","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Exp.Med."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.165.2.969","article-title":"A natural model of Leishmania major infection reveals a prolonged phase of parasite amplification in the skin before the onset of lesion formation and immunity","volume":"165","author":"Belkaid","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4689","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-61662-3","article-title":"Establishment, optimisation and quantitation of a bioluminescent murine infection model of visceral leishmaniasis for systematic vaccine screening","volume":"10","author":"Ong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.2006.00817.x","article-title":"Immunohistological features of visceral leishmaniasis in BALB\/c mice","volume":"28","author":"Nieto","year":"2006","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107773","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2019.107773","article-title":"Experimental Parasitology PCR primers designed for new world Leishmania: A systematic review","volume":"207","author":"Conter","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1590\/0037-8682-0052-2015","article-title":"Detection of Leishmania (Viannia) DNA in leucocytes from the blood of patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"48","author":"Conter","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762010000100018","article-title":"Evaluation of polymerase chain reaction in the routine diagnosis for tegumentary leishmaniasis in a referral centre","volume":"105","author":"Fagundes","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2019.01.004","article-title":"Host competence of African rodents Arvicanthis neumanni, A. niloticus and Mastomys natalensis for Leishmania major","volume":"8","author":"Sadlova","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol. Parasites Wildl."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.66.1.406-412.2000","article-title":"Comparison of animal infectivity and nucleic acid staining for assessment of Cryptosporidium parvum viability in water","volume":"66","author":"Neumann","year":"2000","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"329","article-title":"Detection of antibodies to variant antigens on Plasmodium falciparum -infected erythrocytes by flow cytometry","volume":"336","author":"Staalsoe","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cytology"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3074","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.44.11.3074-3078.2000","article-title":"Flow cytometric detection of Leishmania parasites in human monocyte-derived macrophages: Application to antileishmanial-drug testing","volume":"44","author":"Ridoux","year":"2000","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2131","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.61.5.2131-2137.1993","article-title":"Glycosphingolipid antigens of Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis amastigotes identified by use of a monoclonal antibody","volume":"61","author":"Barbieri","year":"1993","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2006.458","article-title":"Live-cell assay for detection of apoptosis by dual-laser flow cytometry using Hoechst 33342 and 7-amino-actinomycin D","volume":"2","author":"Schmid","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"3","article-title":"In vivo imaging of transgenic Leishmania parasites in a live host","volume":"41","author":"Thalhofer","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Vis. Exp."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005924","article-title":"New insights into experimental visceral leishmaniasis: Real-time in vivo imaging of Leishmania donovani virulence","volume":"11","author":"Melo","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1912","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.166.3.1912","article-title":"The hamster as a model of human visceral leishmaniasis: Progressive disease and impaired generation of nitric oxide in the face of a prominent Th1-like cytokine response","volume":"166","author":"Melby","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/1297-9716-42-39","article-title":"Mechanisms of resistance and susceptibility to experimental visceral leishmaniosis: BALB\/c mouse versus syrian hamster model","volume":"42","author":"Nieto","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.2307\/3282344","article-title":"Early histopathology of experimental infection with Leishmania donovani in hamsters","volume":"73","author":"Wilson","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Parasitol"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1464-y","article-title":"Clinical, hematological and biochemical alterations in hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) experimentally infected with Leishmania infantum through different routes of inoculation","volume":"9","author":"Rooatt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasit. Vector."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7845","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0712153105","article-title":"Immunity to a salivary protein of a sand fly vector protects against the fatal outcome of visceral leishmaniasis in a hamster model","volume":"105","author":"Gomes","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1038\/nri933","article-title":"The immunology of susceptibility and resistance to Leishmania major in mice","volume":"2","author":"Sacks","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.129.1.344","article-title":"Cell-mediated immune response in experimental visceral leishmaniasis. I. Correlation between resistance to Leishmania donovani and lymphokine-generating capacity","volume":"129","author":"Murray","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3823","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01335-06","article-title":"Cytokines, signaling pathways, and effector molecules required for the control of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis in mice","volume":"75","author":"Rocha","year":"2007","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5827","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.73.9.5827-5834.2005","article-title":"Toward a novel experimental model of infection to study american cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania braziliensis","volume":"73","author":"Novais","year":"2005","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2004.11.002","article-title":"Immunopathogenesis of infection with the visceralizing Leishmania species","volume":"38","author":"Wilson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"The Working Group on Research Priorities for Development of Leishmaniasis Vaccines, Nery Costa, C.H., Peters, N.C., Maruyama, S.R., de Brito, E.C., and Santos, I.K. (2011). Vaccines for the leishmaniases: Proposal for a research agenda. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 5, e943.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000943"}],"container-title":["Microorganisms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/8\/9\/1440\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:11:47Z","timestamp":1760177507000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/8\/9\/1440"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,20]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]}},"alternative-id":["microorganisms8091440"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms8091440","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2607"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2607","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,20]]}}}