{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T07:21:05Z","timestamp":1769671265043,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,22]],"date-time":"2020-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1600732800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000781","name":"European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["323009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["323009"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000781","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Netherlands Ministery Education, Culture and Science","award":["024.002.002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["024.002.002"]}]},{"name":"the Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs, the European Union Regional Development Fund, the Province of Frysl\u00e2n, the City of Leeuwarden and the EZ\/Kompas program of the \u201cSamenwerkingsverband Noord-Nederland","award":["n.a."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["n.a."]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Biodesulfurization processes remove toxic and corrosive hydrogen sulfide from gas streams (e.g., natural gas, biogas, or syngas). To improve the efficiency of these processes under haloalkaline conditions, a sulfate and thiosulfate reduction step can be included. The use of H2\/CO mixtures (as in syngas) instead of pure H2 was tested to investigate the potential cost reduction of the electron donor required. Syngas is produced in the gas-reforming process and consists mainly of H2, carbon monoxide (CO), and carbon dioxide (CO2). Purification of syngas to obtain pure H2 implies higher costs because of additional post-treatment. Therefore, the use of syngas has merit in the biodesulfurization process. Initially, CO inhibited hydrogen-dependent sulfate reduction. However, after 30 days the biomass was adapted and both H2 and CO were used as electron donors. First, formate was produced, followed by sulfate and thiosulfate reduction, and later in the reactor run acetate and methane were detected. Sulfide production rates with sulfate and thiosulfate after adaptation were comparable with previously described rates with only hydrogen. The addition of CO marginally affected the microbial community in which Tindallia sp. was dominant. Over time, acetate production increased and acetogenesis became the dominant process in the bioreactor. Around 50% of H2\/CO was converted to acetate. Acetate supported biomass growth and higher biomass concentrations were reached compared to bioreactors without CO feed. Finally, CO addition resulted in the formation of small, compact microbial aggregates. This suggests that CO or syngas can be used to stimulate aggregation in haloalkaline biodesulfurization systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8091451","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,22]],"date-time":"2020-09-22T09:40:56Z","timestamp":1600767656000},"page":"1451","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Syngas as Electron Donor for Sulfate and Thiosulfate Reducing Haloalkaliphilic Microorganisms in a Gas-Lift Bioreactor"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3391-7742","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caroline M.","family":"Plugge","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University &amp; Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Wetsus, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, Oostergoweg 9, 8911 MA Leeuwarden, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o A. B.","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University &amp; Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Wetsus, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, Oostergoweg 9, 8911 MA Leeuwarden, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0021-2452","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephan","family":"Christel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems (EEMiS), Linnaeus University, SE-391 82 Kalmar, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9622-3318","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark","family":"Dopson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems (EEMiS), Linnaeus University, SE-391 82 Kalmar, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martijn F. M.","family":"Bijmans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wetsus, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, Oostergoweg 9, 8911 MA Leeuwarden, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alfons J. M.","family":"Stams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University &amp; Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martijn","family":"Diender","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University &amp; Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2008.09.054","article-title":"Application of bacteria involved in the biological sulfur cycle for paper mill effluent purification","volume":"407","author":"Janssen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4519","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.8b06749","article-title":"Increasing the selectivity for sulfur formation in biological gas desulfurization","volume":"53","author":"Klok","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2012.09.021","article-title":"A physiologically based kinetic model for bacterial sulfide oxidation","volume":"47","author":"Klok","year":"2013","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1693","DOI":"10.1080\/09593330.2015.1128001","article-title":"Influence of methanethiol on biological sulphide oxidation in gas treatment system","volume":"37","author":"Roman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Technol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2018.11.018","article-title":"Recent advances in dissimilatory sulfate reduction","volume":"150","author":"Qian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1007\/s00449-020-02298-5","article-title":"Deep and high-efficiency removal of sulfate through a coupling system with sulfate-reducing and sulfur-oxidizing capacity under haloalkaliphilic condition","volume":"43","author":"Mu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bioprocess Biosyst. Eng."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2014.09.035","article-title":"Sulfate reduction in a hydrogen fed bioreactor operated at haloalkaline conditions","volume":"68","author":"Sousa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6b04497","article-title":"Thiosulfate conversion to sulfide by a haloalkaliphilic microbial community in a bioreactor fed with H2 gas","volume":"51","author":"Sousa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bej.2014.12.015","article-title":"Effect of electron donors on the performance of haloalkaliphilic sulfate-reducing bioreactors for flue gas treatment and microbial degradation patterns related to sulfate reduction of different electron donors","volume":"96","author":"Zhou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biochem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-009-2075-8","article-title":"Long-term performance and microbial community analysis of a full-scale synthesis gas fed reactor treating sulfate- and zinc-rich wastewater","volume":"84","author":"Dijkman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2015.01275","article-title":"Pathways and bioenergetics of anaerobic carbon monoxide fermentation","volume":"6","author":"Diender","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parshina, S.N., Sipma, J., Henstra, A.M., and Stams, A.J.M. (2010). Carbon monoxide as an electron donor for the biological reduction of sulphate. Int. J. Microbiol., 2010.","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/319527"},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Kroneck, P.M.H., and Sosa Torres, M.E. (2014). Carbon monoxide. Toxic gas and fuel for anaerobes and aerobes: Carbon monoxide dehydrogenases. Metal Ions in Life Sciences, Springer."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4081","DOI":"10.1021\/cr4005814","article-title":"Hydrogenases","volume":"114","author":"Lubitz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-2728(90)90044-5","article-title":"The structure and mechanism of iron-hydrogenases","volume":"1020","author":"Adams","year":"1990","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Bioenerg."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4304","DOI":"10.1021\/cr0501947","article-title":"Activation and inactivation of hydrogenase function and the catalytic cycle: Spectroelectrochemical studies","volume":"107","author":"Rousset","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1111\/1751-7915.13270","article-title":"Using gas mixtures of CO, CO2 and H2 as microbial substrates: The do\u2019s and don\u2019ts of successful technology transfer from laboratory to production scale","volume":"11","author":"Takors","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microb. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-6496(03)00033-3","article-title":"Carbon monoxide conversion by anaerobic bioreactor sludges","volume":"44","author":"Sipma","year":"2003","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Robb, F.T., and Techtman, S.M. (2018). Life on the fringe: Microbial adaptation to growth on carbon monoxide. F1000Research, 7.","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.16059.1"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-004-1878-x","article-title":"Carbon monoxide conversion by thermophilic sulfate-reducing bacteria in pure culture and in co-culture with Carboxydothermus hydrogenoformans","volume":"68","author":"Parshina","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2159","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.63780-0","article-title":"Desulfotomaculum carboxydivorans sp. nov., a novel sulfate-reducing bacterium capable of growth at 100% CO","volume":"55","author":"Parshina","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0290(19960420)50:2<136::AID-BIT3>3.0.CO;2-N","article-title":"Biological sulfate reduction using synthesis gas as energy and carbon source","volume":"50","author":"Lettinga","year":"1996","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Bioeng."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141017","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.141017","article-title":"Immobilization of sulfate\/thiosulfate-reducing biomass on sand under haloalkaline conditions","volume":"745","author":"Sousa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2882","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)67912-8","article-title":"Formation of methane by bacterial extracts","volume":"238","author":"Wolin","year":"1963","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1571","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2011.41","article-title":"Transitions in bacterial communities along the 2000\u2009km salinity gradient of the Baltic Sea","volume":"5","author":"Herlemann","year":"2011","journal-title":"ISME J."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5116","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01403-14","article-title":"DegePrime, a program for degenerate primer design for broad-taxonomic-range PCR in microbial ecology studies","volume":"80","author":"Hugerth","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2015.00223","article-title":"Transplant experiments uncover Baltic Sea basin-specific responses in bacterioplankton community composition and metabolic activities","volume":"6","author":"Lindh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2604","article-title":"UPARSE: Highly accurate OTU sequences from microbial amplicon reads","volume":"10","author":"Edgar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gks1219","article-title":"The SILVA ribosomal RNA gene database project: Improved data processing and web-based tools","volume":"41","author":"Quast","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3100","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btt526","article-title":"Explicet: Graphical user interface software for metadata-driven management, analysis and visualization of microbiome data","volume":"29","author":"Robertson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D770","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkr874","article-title":"eQuilibrator-the biochemical thermodynamics calculator","volume":"40","author":"Flamholz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s13213-009-0008-5","article-title":"CO in methanogenesis","volume":"60","author":"Ferry","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1186\/s13068-017-0910-1","article-title":"The effects of CO2 and H2 on CO metabolism by pure and mixed microbial cultures","volume":"10","author":"Delgado","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Biofuels"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5949","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01772-15","article-title":"CO metabolism in the acetogen Acetobacterium woodii","volume":"81","author":"Bertsch","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.132.1.118-126.1977","article-title":"Carbon monoxide oxidation by methanogenic bacteria","volume":"132","author":"Daniels","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.1990.tb04096.x","article-title":"The metabolism of hydrogen by extremely thermophilic, sulfur-dependent bacteria","volume":"6","author":"Adams","year":"1990","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.178.6.1515-1524.1996","article-title":"Characterization of the CO-induced, CO-tolerant hydrogenase from Rhodospirillum rubrum and the gene encoding the large subunit of the enzyme","volume":"178","author":"Fox","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ceccaldi, P., Schuchmann, K., Muller, V., and Elliott, S.J. (2017). The hydrogen dependent CO2 reductase: The first completely CO tolerant FeFe-hydrogenase. Energy Environ. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.1039\/C6EE02494G"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-2920.2009.01865.x","article-title":"\u201cThat which does not kill us only makes us stronger\u201d: The role of carbon monoxide in thermophilic microbial consortia","volume":"11","author":"Techtmann","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1836","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-2920.2007.01306.x","article-title":"Archaeoglobus fulgidus couples CO oxidation to sulfate reduction and acetogenesis with transient formate accumulation","volume":"9","author":"Henstra","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15305","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1010816107","article-title":"Clostridium ljungdahlii represents a microbial production platform based on syngas","volume":"107","author":"Held","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16929","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0407486101","article-title":"Anaerobic growth of Methanosarcina acetivorans C2A on carbon monoxide: An unusual way of life for a methanogenic archaeon","volume":"101","author":"Rother","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1666","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.034363-0","article-title":"Fuchsiella alkaliacetigena gen. nov., sp. nov., an alkaliphilic, lithoautotrophic homoacetogen from a soda lake","volume":"62","author":"Zhilina","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2432","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.000278","article-title":"Fuchsiella ferrireducens sp. nov., a novel haloalkaliphilic, lithoautotrophic homoacetogen capable of iron reduction, and emendation of the description of the genus Fuchsiella","volume":"65","author":"Zhilina","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bej.2019.04.008","article-title":"Sulfate reduction by a haloalkaliphilic bench-scale sulfate-reducing bioreactor and its bacterial communities at different depths","volume":"147","author":"Mu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biochem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2011.02272.x","article-title":"Sulfur-dependent respiration under extremely haloalkaline conditions in soda lake \u201cacetogens\u201d and the description of Natroniella sulfidigena sp. nov","volume":"319","author":"Sorokin","year":"2011","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1021\/bp0601084","article-title":"Hydrogenogenic CO conversion in a moderately thermophilic (55 \u00b0C) sulfate-fed gas lift reactor: Competition for CO-derived H2","volume":"22","author":"Sipma","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Prog."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2019.109402","article-title":"A novel carbon monoxide fed moving bed biofilm reactor for sulfate rich wastewater treatment","volume":"249","author":"Sinharoy","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1007\/s00792-012-0440-5","article-title":"Desulfonatronovibrio halophilus sp. nov., a novel moderately halophilic sulfate-reducing bacterium from hypersaline chloride-sulfate lakes in Central Asia","volume":"16","author":"Sorokin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Extremophiles"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1963","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2008.528","article-title":"Effects of high salinity wastewater on methanogenic sludge bed systems","volume":"58","author":"Ismail","year":"2008","journal-title":"Water Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5210","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.181.17.5210-5218.1999","article-title":"Effect of ionic strength on initial interactions of Escherichia coli with surfaces, studied on-line by a novel quartz crystal microbalance technique","volume":"181","author":"Otto","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9331","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-015-6937-y","article-title":"Ecology and application of haloalkaliphilic anaerobic microbial communities","volume":"99","author":"Sousa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2015.12.316","article-title":"Catalytic steam reforming of biomass tar: Prospects and challenges. Renew","volume":"58","author":"Guan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4969","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2016.01.009","article-title":"Hydrogen production with CO2 capture","volume":"41","author":"Voldsund","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Hydrog. Energy"},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Van den Bosch, P.L.F. (2008). Biological Sulfide Oxidation by Natron-Alkaliphilic Bacteria Application in Gas Desulfurization. [Ph.D. Thesis, Wageningen University]."}],"container-title":["Microorganisms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/8\/9\/1451\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:12:31Z","timestamp":1760177551000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/8\/9\/1451"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,22]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]}},"alternative-id":["microorganisms8091451"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms8091451","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2607"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2607","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,22]]}}}