{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T02:58:57Z","timestamp":1784602737384,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,22]],"date-time":"2020-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1600732800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1336650"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1336650"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Premise plumbing conditions can contribute to low chlorine or chloramine disinfectant residuals and reactions that encourage opportunistic pathogen growth and create risk of Legionnaires\u2019 Disease outbreaks. This bench-scale study investigated the growth of Legionella spp. and Acanthamoeba in direct contact with premise plumbing materials\u2014glass-only control, cross-linked polyethylene (PEX) pipe, magnesium anode rods, iron pipe, iron oxide, pH 10, or a combination of factors. Simulated glass water heaters (SGWHs) were colonized by Legionella pneumophila and exposed to a sequence of 0, 0.1, 0.25, and 0.5 mg\/L chlorine or chloramine, at two levels of total organic carbon (TOC), over 8 weeks. Legionella pneumophila thrived in the presence of the magnesium anode by itself and or combination with other factors. In most cases, 0.5 mg\/L Cl2 caused a significant rapid reduction of L. pneumophila, Legionella spp., or total bacteria (16S rRNA) gene copy numbers, but at higher TOC (&gt;1.0 mg C\/L), a chlorine residual of 0.5 mg\/L Cl2 was not effective. Notably, Acanthamoeba was not significantly reduced by the 0.5 mg\/L chlorine dose.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8091452","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,22]],"date-time":"2020-09-22T09:40:56Z","timestamp":1600767656000},"page":"1452","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Chlorine Disinfection of Legionella spp., L. pneumophila, and Acanthamoeba under Warm Water Premise Plumbing Conditions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Rebekah L.","family":"Martin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Military Institute, Lexington, VA 24450, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kara","family":"Harrison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine Residency Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caitlin R.","family":"Proctor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Department of Materials Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5165-9943","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amanda","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Charles E. Via, Jr. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24450, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krista","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Charles E. Via, Jr. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24450, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3191-6244","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amy","family":"Pruden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Charles E. Via, Jr. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24450, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc A.","family":"Edwards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Charles E. Via, Jr. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24450, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"3049","article-title":"Vital Signs: Deficiencies in Environmental Control Identified in Outbreaks of Legionnaires\u2019 Disease\u2014North America, 2000\u20132014","volume":"16","author":"Garrison","year":"2016","journal-title":"Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"OSHA (2020, January 14). Legionnaires\u2019 Disease: Facts and Frequently Asked Questions, Available online: https:\/\/www.osha.gov\/dts\/osta\/otm\/legionnaires\/faq.html."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"CDC (2020, September 21). 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