{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T18:19:25Z","timestamp":1787509165638,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,23]],"date-time":"2020-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1600819200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Enteroviruses (EVs) infect millions of people annually. EV infections can be asymptomatic or symptomatic with conditions ranging from mild illnesses to serious diseases such as dilated cardiomyopathy. A causal relationship between EV infections and type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) has been heavily debated, with some studies suggesting that this relationship is not yet conclusive and requires additional evidence, whereas others strongly argue for this correlation. While this relationship is well investigated in some developed countries like the USA and Finland, it is understudied or neglected in other countries like Russia for many reasons such as the low incidence of T1DM. Although the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) are highly affected by T1DM, the role of EVs in the disease in MENA has not been investigated extensively. Therefore, we aimed to address the relationship between T1DM and EVs in MENA and other regions globally.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8101458","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,23]],"date-time":"2020-09-23T09:28:08Z","timestamp":1600853288000},"page":"1458","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Enteroviruses and Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: An Overlooked Relationship in Some Regions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4260-6540","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdulaziz","family":"Alhazmi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Virologie ULR3610, Univ Lille, CHU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France"},{"name":"Microbiology and Parasitology Department, College of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Famara","family":"Sane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Virologie ULR3610, Univ Lille, CHU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mouna","family":"Lazrek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Virologie ULR3610, Univ Lille, CHU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2981-0803","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magloire Pandoua","family":"Nekoua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Virologie ULR3610, Univ Lille, CHU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France"},{"name":"Laboratoire de Biologie et Physiologie Cellulaires, Institut des Sciences Biom\u00e9dicales Appliqu\u00e9es (ISBA), Facult\u00e9 des Sciences et Techniques (FAST), Universit\u00e9 d\u2019Abomey-Calavi, 01 BP 526 Cotonou, Benin"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francis","family":"Badia-Boungou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Virologie ULR3610, Univ Lille, CHU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7489-3786","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilka","family":"Engelmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Virologie ULR3610, Univ Lille, CHU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enagnon Kazali","family":"Alidjinou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Virologie ULR3610, Univ Lille, CHU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Didier","family":"Hober","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Virologie ULR3610, Univ Lille, CHU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1016\/S1684-1182(10)60056-4","article-title":"Application of a molecular method for the classification of human enteroviruses and its correlation with clinical manifestations","volume":"43","author":"Lo","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Immunol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3078","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1721159115","article-title":"The seasonality of nonpolio enteroviruses in the United States: Patterns and drivers","volume":"115","author":"Oberste","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2019.11.006","article-title":"Paediatric enterovirus meningitis without cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis","volume":"79","author":"Alhazmi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1053\/spid.2002.29756","article-title":"Enterovirus infections: Diagnosis and treatment","volume":"13","author":"Sawyer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Semin. Pediatr. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.24039","article-title":"Coxsackievirus can persist in murine pancreas by deletion of 5\u2032 terminal genomic sequences","volume":"87","author":"Tracy","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"273","article-title":"Enterovirus persistence as a mechanism in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes","volume":"18","author":"Alidjinou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Discov. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2010.27","article-title":"Pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes mellitus: Interplay between enterovirus and host","volume":"6","author":"Hober","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"275","article-title":"Persistent coxsackievirus infection: Enterovirus persistence in chronic myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy","volume":"323","author":"Chapman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2285","DOI":"10.2337\/db09-0091","article-title":"Enterovirus infection, CXC chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10), and CXCR3 circuit: A mechanism of accelerated beta-cell failure in fulminant type 1 diabetes","volume":"58","author":"Tanaka","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gde.2018.01.006","article-title":"Genetics of type 1 diabetes","volume":"50","author":"Robertson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0b013e3283608300","article-title":"Enteroviral pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes: Queries and answers","volume":"26","author":"Hober","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1682","DOI":"10.2337\/db14-1370","article-title":"Detection of a low-grade enteroviral infection in the islets of langerhans of living patients newly diagnosed with type 1 diabetes","volume":"64","author":"Krogvold","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4282","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2018-02672","article-title":"Unique Inflammatory Changes in Exocrine and Endocrine Pancreas in Enterovirus-Induced Fulminant Type 1 Diabetes","volume":"104","author":"Takita","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.2337\/db10-0186","article-title":"Enterovirus RNA in blood is linked to the development of type 1 diabetes","volume":"60","author":"Oikarinen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"GLOBAL (2020, September 17). Diabetes Data Report 9th Edition. Available online: https:\/\/diabetesatlas.org\/data\/en\/world\/."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2009.02743.x","article-title":"Seasonal variation of diagnosis of Type 1 diabetes mellitus in children worldwide","volume":"26","author":"Moltchanova","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabet. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/175.3.554","article-title":"Islet cell antibody seroconversion in children is temporally associated with enterovirus infections. Childhood Diabetes in Finland (DiMe) Study Group","volume":"175","author":"Hiltunen","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.2337\/db13-0619","article-title":"Coxsackievirus B1 is associated with induction of \u03b2-cell autoimmunity that portends type 1 diabetes","volume":"63","author":"Laitinen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.10260","article-title":"Enterovirus infections are associated with the induction of beta-cell autoimmunity in a prospective birth cohort study","volume":"69","author":"Salminen","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.2337\/db13-0620","article-title":"Virus antibody survey in different European populations indicates risk association between coxsackievirus B1 and type 1 diabetes","volume":"63","author":"Oikarinen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"(2020, September 17). Middle East and North Africa Diabetes Report 9th Edition. Available online: https:\/\/diabetesatlas.org\/data\/en\/region\/4\/mena.html."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S62","DOI":"10.2337\/dc11-S062","article-title":"Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus","volume":"34","author":"Association","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3160","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.26.11.3160","article-title":"Follow-up report on the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus","volume":"26","author":"Genuth","year":"2003","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"413","article-title":"Incidence trends of childhood type 1 diabetes in eastern Saudi Arabia","volume":"31","author":"Abduljabbar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Saudi. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1111\/pedi.12480","article-title":"Incidence of type 1 diabetes has doubled in Kuwaiti children 0-14 years over the last 20 years","volume":"18","author":"Shaltout","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatr. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"7","article-title":"Incidence of type 1 and type 2 diabetes, between 2012\u20132016, among children and adolescents in Qatar","volume":"89","author":"Alyafei","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Biomed."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.23604","article-title":"Frequency of enterovirus detection in blood samples of neonates admitted to hospital with sepsis-like illness in Kuwait","volume":"85","author":"Ahmad","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5448.2011.00765.x","article-title":"High incidence of childhood type 1 diabetes in Al-Madinah, North West Saudi Arabia (2004\u20132009)","volume":"12","author":"Habeb","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatr. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1515\/jpem-2018-0548","article-title":"Incidence of diabetic ketoacidosis in newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes children in western Saudi Arabia: 11-year experience","volume":"32","author":"Farahat","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1515\/JPEM.2010.23.7.685","article-title":"The rising incidence of type 1 diabetes mellitus and the role of environmental factors\u2014Three decade experience in a primary care health center in Saudi Arabia","volume":"23","author":"Cherian","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.5144\/0256-4947.1997.16","article-title":"Enteroviruses at a tertiary care center in Saudi Arabia, 1989\u20131995","volume":"17","author":"Akhter","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ann. Saudi. Med."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2018.06.008","article-title":"Epidemiology and clinical outcomes of viral central nervous system infections","volume":"73","author":"Abid","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.4274\/Jcrpe.1171","article-title":"Epidemiology of childhood type 1 diabetes mellitus in Nile Delta, northern Egypt\u2014A retrospective study","volume":"6","author":"Salem","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Res. Pediatr. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"3230","article-title":"Isolation and Identification of Non-Polio Enteroviruses from Children in Different Egyptian Governorates","volume":"3","author":"Afifi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Aust. J. Basic Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2017.09.001","article-title":"Epidemiology of type 1 diabetes mellitus in Basrah, Southern Iraq: A retrospective study","volume":"133","author":"Almahfoodh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"1","article-title":"Relation of Coxsackie B3 and B4 Viral Infections for Development of type 1 Diabetes Mellitus in Children: A Case-Control Study","volume":"11","author":"Bilal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Egypt. Acad. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"24","article-title":"Evaluation of Enterovirus infection in people with type 1 diabetes in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province compared to healthy subjects","volume":"19","author":"Jamshidian","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Shahrekord. Univ. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"64","article-title":"Epidemiology of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Among Children in Sudan: Serological Evidence of Coxsackievirus Infection","volume":"12","author":"Emad","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1515\/jpem-2017-0044","article-title":"The role of enterovirus infections in type 1 diabetes in Tunisia","volume":"30","author":"Boussaid","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2916","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.2916","article-title":"Marker of coxsackievirus-B4 infection in saliva of patients with type 1 diabetes","volume":"33","author":"Sane","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-018-1158-3","article-title":"Salivary anti-coxsackievirus-B4 neutralizing activity and pattern of immune parameters in patients with type 1 diabetes: A pilot study","volume":"55","author":"Nekoua","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-014-3400-z","article-title":"Enterovirus infection is associated with an increased risk of childhood type 1 diabetes in Taiwan: A nationwide population-based cohort study","volume":"58","author":"Lin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"555778","article-title":"Epidemiological Profile of type 1 diabetes in Children: About 971 Patients","volume":"7","author":"Asmaa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acad. J. Ped. Neonatol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-005-1780-9","article-title":"Relationship between the incidence of type 1 diabetes and maternal enterovirus antibodies: Time trends and geographical variation","volume":"48","author":"Viskari","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-992128","article-title":"Epitope analysis of GAD65 binding in both cord blood and at the time of clinical diagnosis of childhood type 1 diabetes","volume":"39","author":"Elfving","year":"2007","journal-title":"Horm. Metab. Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2153","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V100.6.2153","article-title":"Human fetuses are able to mount an adultlike CD8 T-cell response","volume":"100","author":"Hermann","year":"2002","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1203\/01.PDR.0000104150.85437.FE","article-title":"Cellular immune response of fetuses to cytomegalovirus","volume":"55","author":"Ould","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.12404","article-title":"Antibodies to islet cell autoantigens, rotaviruses and\/or enteroviruses in cord blood and healthy mothers in relation to the 2010\u20132011 winter viral seasons in Israel: A pilot study","volume":"31","author":"Shulman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabet. Med."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpam.2019.02.007","article-title":"Type 1 diabetes mellitus in Gabon: A study of epidemiological aspects","volume":"6","author":"Damiens","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v5.i6.905","article-title":"Diabetes mellitus in Nigeria: The past, present and future","volume":"5","author":"Ogbera","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sarfo-Kantanka, O., Asamoah-Boaheng, M., Arthur, J., Agyei, M., Barnes, N.A., Tenkorang, E.Y., and Midodzi, W. (2020). Trends in type 1 diabetes diagnosis in Ghana. Int. Health.","DOI":"10.1093\/inthealth\/ihz096"},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"3","article-title":"Complement fixing antibodies against selected viruses in diabetic patients and non-diabetic control subjects in Ibadan, Nigeria","volume":"43","author":"Ajuwon","year":"1992","journal-title":"Rev. Roum. Virol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maan, H.S., Dhole, T.N., and Chowdhary, R. (2019). Identification and characterization of nonpolio enterovirus associated with nonpolio-acute flaccid paralysis in polio endemic state of Uttar Pradesh, Northern India. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0208902"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3509","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01483-12","article-title":"Molecular epidemiological study of enteroviruses associated with encephalitis in children from India","volume":"50","author":"Kumar","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2011.02.011","article-title":"An epidemic of encephalitis associated with human enterovirus B in Uttar Pradesh, India, 2008","volume":"51","author":"Kumar","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1007\/s13337-016-0303-2","article-title":"Prevalence of rotavirus, norovirus and enterovirus in diarrheal diseases in Himachal Pradesh, India","volume":"27","author":"Jain","year":"2016","journal-title":"Virusdisease"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-014-0590-2","article-title":"Rapidly rising incidence of childhood type 1 diabetes in Chinese population: Epidemiology in Shanghai during 1997\u20132011","volume":"51","author":"Zhao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-543X.2006.00163.x","article-title":"Association between infectious diseases and type 1 diabetes: A case-crossover study","volume":"7","author":"Yang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatr. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-006-0213-8","article-title":"Type 1 diabetes in Japan","volume":"49","author":"Kawasaki","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1632","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.21.10.1632","article-title":"Descriptive epidemiology of IDDM in Hokkaido, Japan: The Childhood IDDM Hokkaido Registry","volume":"21","author":"Matsuura","year":"1998","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-5491.2000.00205.x","article-title":"Incidence of Type 1 diabetes mellitus in children aged 0\u201314 in Japan, 1986\u20131990, including an analysis for seasonality of onset and month of birth: JDS study. The Data Committee for Childhood Diabetes of the Japan Diabetes Society (JDS)","volume":"17","author":"Kida","year":"2000","journal-title":"Diabet Med."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2461","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S191007","article-title":"Slowly Progressive Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: Current Knowledge And Future Perspectives","volume":"12","author":"Nishimura","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Obes."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-004-1624-z","article-title":"High titres of IgA antibodies to enterovirus in fulminant type-1 diabetes","volume":"48","author":"Imagawa","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2009.03.009","article-title":"A case of fulminant type 1 diabetes with coxsackie B4 virus infection diagnosed by elevated serum levels of neutralizing antibody","volume":"84","author":"Akatsuka","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.20033","article-title":"Relationship between the incidence of type 1 diabetes and enterovirus infections in different European populations: Results from the EPIVIR project","volume":"72","author":"Viskari","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.3109\/08916930109014696","article-title":"Echovirus 4 and type 1 diabetes mellitus","volume":"34","author":"Bello","year":"2001","journal-title":"Autoimmunity"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1348","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-003-1179-4","article-title":"Type 1 diabetes islet associated antibodies in subjects infected by echovirus 16","volume":"46","author":"Sarmiento","year":"2003","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.20368","article-title":"Islet cell related antibodies and type 1 diabetes associated with echovirus 30 epidemic: A case report","volume":"76","author":"Sarmiento","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1080\/08916930701523429","article-title":"Occurrence of enterovirus RNA in serum of children with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes and islet cell autoantibody-positive subjects in a population with a low incidence of type 1 diabetes","volume":"40","author":"Sarmiento","year":"2007","journal-title":"Autoimmunity"}],"container-title":["Microorganisms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/8\/10\/1458\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:12:46Z","timestamp":1760177566000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/8\/10\/1458"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,23]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]}},"alternative-id":["microorganisms8101458"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms8101458","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2607"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2607","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,23]]}}}