{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T20:06:10Z","timestamp":1791230770843,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,28]],"date-time":"2020-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601251200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013788","name":"Facult\u00e9 des Sciences et de M\u00e9decine, Universit\u00e9 de Fribourg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013788","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In order to evaluate whether seagulls living on the Lisbon coastline, Portugal, might be colonized and consequently represent potential spreaders of multidrug-resistant bacteria, a total of 88 gull fecal samples were screened for detection of extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase (ESBL)- or carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and for vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE). A large proportion of samples yielded carbapenemase- or ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae (16% and 55%, respectively), while only two MRSA and two VRE were detected. Mating-out assays followed by PCR and whole-plasmid sequencing allowed to identify carbapenemase and ESBL encoding genes. Among 24 carbapenemase-producing isolates, there were mainly Klebsiella pneumoniae (50%) and Escherichia coli (33%). OXA-181 was the most common carbapenemase identified (54%), followed by OXA-48 (25%) and KPC-2 (17%). Ten different ESBLs were found among 62 ESBL-producing isolates, mainly being CTX-M-type enzymes (87%). Co-occurrence in single samples of multiple ESBL- and carbapenemase producers belonging to different bacterial species was observed in some cases. Seagulls constitute an important source for spreading multidrug-resistant bacteria in the environment and their gut microbiota a formidable microenvironment for transfer of resistance genes within bacterial species.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8101487","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,28]],"date-time":"2020-09-28T08:02:58Z","timestamp":1601280178000},"page":"1487","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["High Colonization Rate and Heterogeneity of ESBL- and Carbapenemase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae Isolated from Gull Feces in Lisbon, Portugal"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5036-2446","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Aires-de-Sousa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Emerging Antibiotic Resistance Unit, Medical and Molecular Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland"},{"name":"Escola Superior de Sa\u00fade da Cruz Vermelha Portuguesa, 1300 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Instituto de Tecnologia Qu\u00edmica e Biol\u00f3gica Ant\u00f3nio Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2780 Oeiras, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4654-4022","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudine","family":"Fournier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emerging Antibiotic Resistance Unit, Medical and Molecular Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9837-5155","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizeth","family":"Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Instituto de Tecnologia Qu\u00edmica e Biol\u00f3gica Ant\u00f3nio Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2780 Oeiras, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Herm\u00ednia","family":"de Lencastre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Instituto de Tecnologia Qu\u00edmica e Biol\u00f3gica Ant\u00f3nio Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2780 Oeiras, Portugal"},{"name":"Laboratory of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrice","family":"Nordmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emerging Antibiotic Resistance Unit, Medical and Molecular Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland"},{"name":"Swiss National Reference Center for Emerging Antibiotic Resistance (NARA), CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5160-5286","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laurent","family":"Poirel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emerging Antibiotic Resistance Unit, Medical and Molecular Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland"},{"name":"Swiss National Reference Center for Emerging Antibiotic Resistance (NARA), CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.3109\/03009734.2014.905663","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance in wild birds","volume":"119","author":"Bonnedahl","year":"2014","journal-title":"UPS J. 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