{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T19:25:29Z","timestamp":1783106729611,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,22]],"date-time":"2020-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1603324800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Toxoplasma gondii is the causative agent of toxoplasmosis, an infectious disease that affects over 30% of the human world population, causing fatal infections in immunocompromised individuals and neonates. The life cycle of T. gondii is complex, and involves intermediate hosts (birds and mammals) and definitive hosts (felines, including domestic cats). The innate immune repertoire against the parasite involves the production of neutrophil extracellular traps (NET), and neutrophils from several intermediate hosts produce NET induced by T. gondii. However, the mechanisms underlying NET release in response to the parasite have been poorly explored. Therefore, the aims of this study were to investigate whether neutrophils from cats produce NET triggered by T. gondii and to understand the mechanisms thereby involved. Neutrophils from cats were stimulated with T. gondii tachyzoites and NET-derived DNA in the supernatant was quantified during the time. The presence of histone H1 and myeloperoxidase was detected by immunofluorescence. We observed that cat neutrophils produce both classical and rapid\/early NET stimulated by T. gondii. Inhibition of elastase, intracellular calcium, and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-\u03b4 partially blocked classical NET release in response to the parasite. Electron microscopy revealed strands and networks of DNA in close contact or completely entrapping parasites. Live imaging showed that tachyzoites are killed by NET. We conclude that the production of NET is a conserved strategy to control infection by T. gondii amongst intermediate and definitive hosts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8111628","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,22]],"date-time":"2020-10-22T10:27:58Z","timestamp":1603362478000},"page":"1628","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Extracellular Traps Released by Neutrophils from Cats are Detrimental to Toxoplasma gondii Infectivity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Isabela S.","family":"Macedo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Biologia Estrutural, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcos V. A.","family":"Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Biologia Estrutural, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00e9ssica S.","family":"Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Biologia Estrutural, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalia C.","family":"Rochael","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Imunobiologia das Leishmanioses, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de G\u00f3es, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pedro N.","family":"Caldas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HVN Hospital Veterin\u00e1rio Niter\u00f3i, Niter\u00f3i 24360-440, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helene S.","family":"Barbosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Biologia Estrutural, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fl\u00e1vio A.","family":"Lara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Microbiologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6388-5286","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elvira M.","family":"Saraiva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Imunobiologia das Leishmanioses, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de G\u00f3es, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8024-9612","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafael M.","family":"Mariante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Biologia Estrutural, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(00)00124-7","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii: From animals to humans","volume":"30","author":"Tenter","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. 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