{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T16:23:15Z","timestamp":1792513395817,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":218,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,22]],"date-time":"2020-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1603324800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo (FAPESP)","award":["2016\/21171-6 and 2018\/18954-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016\/21171-6 and 2018\/18954-4"]}]},{"name":"Global Challenges Research Fund under grant agreement \u2018A Global Network for Neglected Tropical Diseases\u2019","award":["MR\/P027989\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/P027989\/1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease with two main clinical forms: cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis. Diagnosis of leishmaniasis is still a challenge, concerning the detection and correct identification of the species of the parasite, mainly in endemic areas where the absence of appropriate resources is still a problem. Most accessible methods for diagnosis, particularly in these areas, do not include the identification of each one of more than 20 species responsible for the disease. Here, we summarize the main methods used for the detection and identification of leishmaniasis that can be performed by demonstration of the parasite in biological samples from the patient through microscopic examination, by in vitro culture or animal inoculation; by molecular methods through the detection of parasite DNA; or by immunological methods through the detection of parasite antigens that may be present in urine or through the detection of specific antibodies against the parasite. Potential new methods that can be applied for laboratory diagnosis of leishmaniasis are also discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8111632","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,22]],"date-time":"2020-10-22T10:27:58Z","timestamp":1603362478000},"page":"1632","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":104,"title":["Laboratory Diagnosis of Cutaneous and Visceral Leishmaniasis: Current and Future Methods"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4418-0838","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juliana Quero","family":"Reim\u00e3o","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Morfologia e Patologia B\u00e1sica, Faculdade de Medicina de Jundia\u00ed, Jundia\u00ed 13202-550, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8664-2009","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth Magiolo","family":"Coser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-862, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8909-2671","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monica Ran","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Morfologia e Patologia B\u00e1sica, Faculdade de Medicina de Jundia\u00ed, Jundia\u00ed 13202-550, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0659-6269","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adriano Cappellazzo","family":"Coelho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-862, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akhoundi, M., Kuhls, K., Cannet, A., Vot\u00fdpka, J., Marty, P., Delaunay, P., and Sereno, D. 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