{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T06:24:44Z","timestamp":1790663084824,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":166,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,25]],"date-time":"2020-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606262400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["75N93019C00076"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["75N93019C00076"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HHSN272201400028C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN272201400028C"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000016","name":"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HHSN272201200005C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN272201200005C"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000016","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Enteroviruses (EVs) are positive-sense RNA viruses, with over 50,000 nucleotide sequences publicly available. While most human infections are typically associated with mild respiratory symptoms, several different EV types have also been associated with severe human disease, especially acute flaccid paralysis (AFP), particularly with endemic members of the EV-B species and two pandemic types\u2014EV-A71 and EV-D68\u2014that appear to be responsible for recent widespread outbreaks. Here we review the recent literature on the prevalence, characteristics, and circulation dynamics of different enterovirus types and combine this with an analysis of the sequence coverage of different EV types in public databases (e.g., the Virus Pathogen Resource). This evaluation reveals temporal and geographic differences in EV circulation and sequence distribution, highlighting recent EV outbreaks and revealing gaps in sequence coverage. Phylogenetic analysis of the EV genus shows the relatedness of different EV types. Recombination analysis of the EV-A species provides evidence for recombination as a mechanism of genomic diversification. The absence of broadly protective vaccines and effective antivirals makes human enteroviruses important pathogens of public health concern.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8121856","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,25]],"date-time":"2020-11-25T08:59:15Z","timestamp":1606294755000},"page":"1856","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Epidemiology and Sequence-Based Evolutionary Analysis of Circulating Non-Polio Enteroviruses"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5524-7276","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David M.","family":"Brown","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Synthetic Biology, J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, MD 20850, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1180-275X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Informatics, J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1355-892X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard H.","family":"Scheuermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Informatics, J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA"},{"name":"La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92065, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Knipe, D.M., Howley, P.M., Griffin, D.E., Lamb, R.A., Martin, M.A., Roizman, B., and Stephen, E.S. (2001). Enteroviruses: Polioviruses, coxsackieviruses, echoviruses, and newer enteroviruses. Fields Virology, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"188","article-title":"Current status of the global eradication of poliomyelitis","volume":"50","author":"Tangermann","year":"1997","journal-title":"World Health Stat. Q. Rapp. Trimest. Stat. Sanit. Mond."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1711","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2018.02.059","article-title":"New insights into physiopathology of immunodeficiency-associated vaccine-derived poliovirus infection; systematic review of over 5 decades of data","volume":"36","author":"Shaghaghi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2015.01.018","article-title":"Immunodeficiency-related vaccine-derived poliovirus (iVDPV) cases: A systematic review and implications for polio eradication","volume":"33","author":"Guo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S283","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu295","article-title":"Vaccine-Derived Polioviruses","volume":"210","author":"Burns","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Royston, L., and Tapparel, C. (2016). Rhinoviruses and Respiratory Enteroviruses: Not as Simple as ABC. Viruses, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/v8010016"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S41","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-4453(17)30190-1","article-title":"Rhinovirus\u2014Not just the common cold","volume":"74","author":"Drysdale","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"(ICTV) ICoToV (2019, April 11). Virus Taxonomy: 2019 Release. Available online: https:\/\/talk.ictvonline.org\/taxonomy\/."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1941","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.73.3.1941-1948.1999","article-title":"Molecular Evolution of the Human Enteroviruses: Correlation of Serotype with VP1 Sequence and Application to Picornavirus Classification","volume":"73","author":"Oberste","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2968","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.000966","article-title":"Molecular evolution of types in non-polio enteroviruses","volume":"98","author":"Lukashev","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Cao, J., Zhang, S., Lee, A.J., Sun, G., Larsen, C.N., Zhao, H., Gu, Z., He, S., and Klem, E.B. (2016). Genetic changes found in a distinct clade of Enterovirus D68 associated with paralysis during the 2014 outbreak. Virus Evol., 2.","DOI":"10.1093\/ve\/vew015"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2508","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp068200","article-title":"The Eradication of Polio\u2014Progress and Challenges","volume":"355","author":"Pallansch","year":"2006","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4095","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00653-06","article-title":"High Prevalence of Human Enterovirus A Infections in Natural Circulation of Human Enteroviruses","volume":"44","author":"Palacios","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e775","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2010.02.2265","article-title":"The enterovirus 71 epidemic in 2008\u2014Public health implications for Hong Kong","volume":"14","author":"Ma","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2012.10.016","article-title":"Picornavirus and enterovirus diversity with associated human diseases","volume":"14","author":"Tapparel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2688","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2015.1049780","article-title":"Is a multivalent hand, foot, and mouth disease vaccine feasible?","volume":"11","author":"Klein","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccines Immunother."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.24933","article-title":"Non-polio Enterovirus detection with acute flaccid paralysis: A systematic review","volume":"90","author":"Suresh","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, J., Xiang, X., Pu, Z., Long, Y., Xiao, D., Zhang, W., Li, Q., Li, X., Li, S., and Shao, Z. (2019). Epidemic pattern of hand-foot-and-mouth disease in Xi\u2019an, China from 2008 through 2015. BMC Infect. Dis., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-018-3624-5"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(13)70342-6","article-title":"Epidemiological characteristics of hand-foot-and-mouth disease in China, 2008\u20132012","volume":"14","author":"Xing","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.3934\/mbe.2019022","article-title":"Modelling and analysis of HFMD with the effects of vaccination, contaminated environments and quarantine in mainland China","volume":"16","author":"Shi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Math. Biosci. Eng. MBE"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20180507","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2018.0507","article-title":"Epidemic dynamics, interactions and predictability of enteroviruses associated with hand, foot and mouth disease in Japan","volume":"15","author":"Takahashi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Interface"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-10-209","article-title":"Atypical hand-foot-mouth disease in children: A hospital-based prospective cohort study","volume":"10","author":"Huang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1007\/s12250-011-3195-8","article-title":"Hand foot and mouth disease due to enterovirus 71 in Malaysia","volume":"26","author":"Chua","year":"2011","journal-title":"Virol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.47102\/annals-acadmedsg.V38N2p106","article-title":"Epidemiology and control of hand, foot and mouth disease in Singapore, 2001\u20132007","volume":"38","author":"Ang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. Acad. Med. Singap."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1800590","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2018.23.46.1800590","article-title":"Severe enterovirus A71 associated hand, foot and mouth disease, Vietnam, 2018: Preliminary report of an impending outbreak","volume":"23","author":"Nhan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2404.171298","article-title":"Emerging Coxsackievirus A6 Causing Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease, Vietnam","volume":"24","author":"Anh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2018.12.004","article-title":"Clinical and aetiological study of hand, foot and mouth disease in southern Vietnam, 2013\u20132015: Inpatients and outpatients","volume":"80","author":"Hoang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2018.12.020","article-title":"Longitudinal study on enterovirus A71 and coxsackievirus A16 genotype\/subgenotype replacements in hand, foot and mouth disease patients in Thailand, 2000\u20132017","volume":"80","author":"Noisumdaeng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1386","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2407.171923","article-title":"Enterovirus A71 Infection, Thailand, 2017","volume":"24","author":"Puenpa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duong, V., Mey, C., Eloit, M., Zhu, H., Danet, L., Huang, Z., Zou, G., Tarantola, A., Cheval, J., and Perot, P. (2016). Molecular epidemiology of human enterovirus 71 at the origin of an epidemic of fatal hand, foot and mouth disease cases in Cambodia. Emerg. Microbes Infect., 5.","DOI":"10.1038\/emi.2016.101"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aat6777","article-title":"Serotype-specific immunity explains the incidence of diseases caused by human enteroviruses","volume":"361","author":"Grassly","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"NikNadia, N., Sam, I.C., Rampal, S., WanNorAmalina, W., NurAtifah, G., Verasahib, K., Ong, C.C., MohdAdib, M., and Chan, Y.F. (2016). Cyclical Patterns of Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease Caused by Enterovirus A71 in Malaysia. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004562"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-018-4112-3","article-title":"Molecular surveillance of coxsackievirus A16 reveals the emergence of a new clade in mainland China","volume":"164","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13357","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-31616-x","article-title":"The emerging sub-genotype C2 of CoxsackievirusA10 Associated with Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease extensively circulating in mainland of China","volume":"8","author":"Ji","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3225","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.000619","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology and the evolution of human coxsackievirus A6","volume":"97","author":"Puenpa","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, S.H., Wang, A., Liu, P.P., Zhang, W.Y., Du, J., Xu, S., Liu, G.-C., Zheng, B.-S., Huan, C., and Zhao, K. (2018). Divergent Pathogenic Properties of Circulating Coxsackievirus A6 Associated with Emerging Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease. J. Virol., 92.","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00303-18"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1586\/14787210.2015.1058156","article-title":"Coxsackievirus A6: A new emerging pathogen causing hand, foot and mouth disease outbreaks worldwide","volume":"13","author":"Bian","year":"2015","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Anti Infect. Ther."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5491","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-05618-0","article-title":"Persistent circulation of Coxsackievirus A6 of genotype D3 in mainland of China between 2008 and 2015","volume":"7","author":"Song","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2403.171303","article-title":"Epidemiology of Recurrent Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease, China, 2008\u20132015","volume":"24","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bessaud, M., Razafindratsimandresy, R., Nougair\u00e8de, A., Joffret, M.L., Deshpande, J.M., Dubot-P\u00e9r\u00e8s, A., H\u00e9raud, J.-M., De Lamballerie, X., Delpeyroux, F., and Bailly, J.-L. (2014). Molecular Comparison and Evolutionary Analyses of VP1 Nucleotide Sequences of New African Human Enterovirus 71 Isolates Reveal a Wide Genetic Diversity. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0090624"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1038\/s41426-017-0011-z","article-title":"Epidemiological and serological surveillance of hand-foot-and-mouth disease in Shanghai, China, 2012\u20132016","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1038\/s41426-018-0035-z","article-title":"Epidemiological surveillance of hand, foot and mouth disease in Shanghai in 2014\u20132016, prior to the introduction of the enterovirus 71 vaccine","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8900","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-09196-z","article-title":"Epidemiological characteristics of hand, foot, and mouth disease in Shandong, China, 2009\u20132016","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(10)70209-X","article-title":"Clinical features, diagnosis, and management of enterovirus 71","volume":"9","author":"Ooi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2015.4388","article-title":"Clinical Characteristics and Functional Motor Outcomes of Enterovirus 71 Neurological Disease in Children","volume":"73","author":"Teoh","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1086\/520149","article-title":"Clinical Spectrum of Enterovirus 71 Infection in Children in Southern Taiwan, with an Emphasis on Neurological Complications","volume":"29","author":"Wang","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1086\/318454","article-title":"Neurological Manifestations of Enterovirus 71 Infection in Children during an Outbreak of Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease in Western Australia","volume":"32","author":"McMinn","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1086\/521895","article-title":"Outbreak of Neurologic Enterovirus Type 71 Disease: A Diagnostic Challenge","volume":"45","author":"Anderson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"200","article-title":"Acute flaccid paralysis in infants and young children with enterovirus 71 infection: MR imaging findings and clinical correlates","volume":"22","author":"Chen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1748","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-019-0613-1","article-title":"Pan-viral serology implicates enteroviruses in acute flaccid myelitis","volume":"25","author":"Schubert","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, P., Bao, L., Xu, L., Li, F., Lv, Q., Deng, W., Xu, Y., and Qin, C. (2017). Neurotropism In Vitro and Mouse Models of Severe and Mild Infection with Clinical Strains of Enterovirus 71. Viruses, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/v9110351"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/1423-0127-21-18","article-title":"Cell and tissue tropism of enterovirus 71 and other enteroviruses infections","volume":"21","author":"Lin","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Sci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mandary, M.B., and Poh, C.L. (2018). Changes in the EV-A71 Genome through Recombination and Spontaneous Mutations: Impact on Virulence. Viruses, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/v10060320"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mao, Q., Wang, Y., Bian, L., Xu, M., and Liang, Z. (2016). EV-A71 vaccine licensure: A first step for multivalent enterovirus vaccine to control HFMD and other severe diseases. Emerg. Microbes Infect., 5.","DOI":"10.1038\/emi.2016.73"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2017.03.017","article-title":"Impact of genetic changes, pathogenicity and antigenicity on Enterovirus- A71 vaccine development","volume":"506","author":"Yee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6167","DOI":"10.1038\/srep06167","article-title":"Non-Polio Enteroviruses from Acute Flaccid Paralysis Surveillance in Shandong Province, China, 1988\u20132013","volume":"4","author":"Tao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"1700423","article-title":"Acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance: Challenges and opportunities from 18 years\u2019 experience, Spain, 1998 to 2015","volume":"23","author":"Torner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3808","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-03835-1","article-title":"Identification and molecular characterization of non-polio enteroviruses from children with acute flaccid paralysis in West Africa, 2013\u20132014","volume":"7","author":"Kebe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1007\/s12560-018-9350-8","article-title":"Poliovirus and Other Enteroviruses from Environmental Surveillance in Italy, 2009\u20132015","volume":"10","author":"Delogu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Environ. Virol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1086\/605089","article-title":"Outbreak of Life-Threatening Coxsackievirus B1 Myocarditis in Neonates","volume":"49","author":"Verma","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.15.5","article-title":"Coxsackievirus B3 replication and pathogenesis","volume":"10","author":"Garmaroudi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Future Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.8.3.341-348.1973","article-title":"Association of group B coxsackie viruses with cases of pericarditis, myocarditis, or pleurodynia by demonstration of immunoglobulin M antibody","volume":"8","author":"Schmidt","year":"1973","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"1","article-title":"A coxsackievirus type A24 epidemic of acute conjunctivitis","volume":"7","author":"Lim","year":"1976","journal-title":"Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tavares, F., Campos, R.D.M., Burlandy, F., Fontella, R., De Melo, M.M.M., Da Costa, E.V., and Da Silva, E.E. (2011). Molecular Characterization and Phylogenetic Study of Coxsackievirus A24v Causing Outbreaks of Acute Hemorrhagic Conjunctivitis (AHC) in Brazil. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0023206"},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"137","article-title":"Acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis epidemic in Sao Paulo State, Brazil, 2011","volume":"39","author":"Medina","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev. Panam. Salud Publica"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33595","DOI":"10.1038\/srep33595","article-title":"Circulation of multiple serotypes of highly divergent enterovirus C in the Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region of China","volume":"6","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1159\/000489339","article-title":"Coxsackievirus A24 Variant Associated with Acute Haemorrhagic Conjunctivitis Cases, French Guiana, 2017","volume":"60","author":"Enfissi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Intervirology"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-012-1520-7","article-title":"Molecular identification and phylogenetic study of coxsackievirus A24 variant isolated from an outbreak of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis in India in 2010","volume":"158","author":"Shukla","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burr, S.E., Sillah, A., Joof, H., Bailey, R.L., and Holland, M.J. (2017). An outbreak of acute haemorrhagic conjunctivitis associated with coxsackievirus A24 variant in The Gambia, West Africa. BMC Res. Notes, 10.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-017-3007-9"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45202","DOI":"10.1038\/srep45202","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis caused by coxsackie A type 24 variant in China, 2004\u20132014","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a120693","article-title":"A probable new human picornavirus associated with respiratory diseases","volume":"85","author":"Schieble","year":"1967","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.1820","article-title":"Global reemergence of enterovirus D68 as an important pathogen for acute respiratory infections","volume":"25","author":"Imamura","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e64","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(15)00543-5","article-title":"Global emergence of enterovirus D68: A systematic review","volume":"16","author":"Midgley","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1700711","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2018.23.37.1700711","article-title":"Molecular diversity and biennial circulation of enterovirus D68: A systematic screening study in Lyon, France, 2010 to 2016","volume":"23","author":"Kramer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bowers, J.R., Valentine, M., Harrison, V., Fofanov, V.Y., Gillece, J., Delisle, J., Patton, B., Schupp, J., Sheridan, K., and Lemmer, D. (2019). Genomic Analyses of Acute Flaccid Myelitis Cases among a Cluster in Arizona Provide Further Evidence of Enterovirus D68 Role. mBio, 10.","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02262-18"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Force TUKAFP (2019). An increase in reports of acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) in the United Kingdom, 1 January 2018\u201321 January 2019: Early findings. Eurosurveillance, 24, 1900093.","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2019.24.6.1900093"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1800578","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2018.23.46.1800578","article-title":"Prospective enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) surveillance from September 2015 to November 2018 indicates a current wave of activity in Wales","volume":"23","author":"Cottrell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2208.151949","article-title":"Enterovirus D68 Infection in Children with Acute Flaccid Myelitis, Colorado, USA, 2014","volume":"22","author":"Aliabadi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6745e1","article-title":"Increase in Acute Flaccid Myelitis\u2014United States, 2018","volume":"67","author":"McKay","year":"2018","journal-title":"MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2503.180960","article-title":"Neutralizing Antibody against Enterovirus D68 in Children and Adults before 2014 Outbreak, Kansas City, Missouri, USA(1)","volume":"25","author":"Harrison","year":"2019","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brown, D.M., Hixon, A.M., Oldfield, L.M., Zhang, Y., Novotny, M., Wang, W., Das, S.R., Shabman, R.S., Tyler, K.L., and Scheuermann, R.H. (2018). Contemporary Circulating Enterovirus D68 Strains Have Acquired the Capacity for Viral Entry and Replication in Human Neuronal Cells. mBio, 9.","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01954-18"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2503.170897","article-title":"Acute Flaccid Myelitis Associated with Enterovirus D68 in Children, Argentina, 2016","volume":"25","author":"Carballo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000002188","article-title":"Twenty-nine Cases of Enterovirus-D68\u2013associated Acute Flaccid Myelitis in Europe 2016: A Case Series and Epidemiologic Overview","volume":"38","author":"Knoester","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1800699","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2019.24.3.1800699","article-title":"Emergence of enterovirus D68 clade D1, France, August to November 2018","volume":"24","author":"Bal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1900090","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2018.24.7.1900090","article-title":"Emergence of divergent enterovirus (EV) D68 sub-clade D1 strains, northern Italy, September to October 2018","volume":"24","author":"Pellegrinelli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaida, A., Iritani, N., Yamamoto, S.P., Kanbayashi, D., Hirai, Y., Togawa, M., Amo, K., Kohdera, U., Nishigaki, T., and Shiomi, M. (2017). Distinct genetic clades of enterovirus D68 detected in 2010, 2013, and 2015 in Osaka City, Japan. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0184335"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw372","article-title":"Acute Flaccid Myelitis in the United States, August\u2013December 2014: Results of Nationwide Surveillance","volume":"63","author":"Sejvar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1662","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)62457-0","article-title":"A cluster of acute flaccid paralysis and cranial nerve dysfunction temporally associated with an outbreak of enterovirus D68 in children in Colorado, USA","volume":"385","author":"Messacar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2663","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.17275","article-title":"Acute Flaccid Myelitis of Unknown Etiology in California, 2012\u20132015","volume":"314","author":"Ayscue","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_90","first-page":"903","article-title":"Acute Flaccid Paralysis with Anterior Myelitis\u2014California, June 2012\u2013June 2014","volume":"63","author":"Ayscue","year":"2014","journal-title":"MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(15)70093-9","article-title":"A novel outbreak enterovirus D68 strain associated with acute flaccid myelitis cases in the USA (2012\u20132014): A retrospective cohort study","volume":"15","author":"Greninger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24730","article-title":"Acute flaccid myelitis: A clinical review of US cases 2012\u20132015","volume":"80","author":"Messacar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.24410","article-title":"2014 outbreak of enterovirus D68 in North America","volume":"88","author":"Messacar","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ng, T.F., Montmayeur, A., Castro, C., Cone, M., Stringer, J., Lamson, D.M., Rogers, S.L., Chern, S.-W.W., Maga\u00f1a, L., and Marine, R.L. (2016). Detection and Genomic Characterization of Enterovirus D68 in Respiratory Samples Isolated in the United States in 2016. Genome Announc., 4.","DOI":"10.1128\/genomeA.01350-16"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20952","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES2014.19.44.20952","article-title":"Acute flaccid paralysis following enterovirus D68 associated pneumonia, France, 2014","volume":"19","author":"Lang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.12300","article-title":"High frequency of enterovirus D68 in children hospitalised with respiratory illness in Norway, autumn 2014","volume":"9","author":"Bragstad","year":"2014","journal-title":"Influ. Other Respir. Viruses"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2015.06.079","article-title":"Enterovirus D68 disease and molecular epidemiology in Australia","volume":"69","author":"Levy","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dyda, A., Stelzer-Braid, S., Adam, D., Chughtai, A.A., and MacIntyre, C.R. (2018). The association between acute flaccid myelitis (AFM) and Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68)\u2014What is the evidence for causation?. Eurosurveillance, 23.","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2018.23.3.17-00310"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix860","article-title":"Clinical Features of Acute Flaccid Myelitis Temporally Associated With an Enterovirus D68 Outbreak: Results of a Nationwide Survey of Acute Flaccid Paralysis in Japan, August\u2013December 2015","volume":"66","author":"Chong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27800","DOI":"10.1038\/srep27800","article-title":"Genetic divergence of enterovirus D68 in China and the United States","volume":"6","author":"Xiang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_101","first-page":"675","article-title":"The Genomic Characterization of Enterovirus D68 from 2011 to 2015 in Beijing, China","volume":"29","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomed. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, C., Zhang, X., Dai, W., Liu, Q., Xiong, P., Wang, S., Geng, L., Gong, S., and Huang, Z. (2018). A Mouse Model of Enterovirus D68 Infection for Assessment of the Efficacy of Inactivated Vaccine. Viruses, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/v10020058"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hixon, A.M., Yu, G., Leser, J.S., Yagi, S., Clarke, P., Chiu, C.Y., and Tyler, K.L. (2017). A mouse model of paralytic myelitis caused by enterovirus D68. PLoS Pathog., 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006199"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1997","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02418-15","article-title":"Molecular Evolution and Intraclade Recombination of Enterovirus D68 during the 2014 Outbreak in the United States","volume":"90","author":"Tan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gong, Y.N., Yang, S.L., Shih, S.R., Huang, Y.C., Chang, P.Y., Huang, C.G., Kao, K.-C., Hu, H.-C., Liu, Y.-C., and Tsao, K.-C. (2016). Molecular evolution and the global reemergence of enterovirus D68 by genome-wide analysis. Medicine (Baltim.), 95.","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000004416"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yip, C.C.Y., Lo, J.Y.C., Sridhar, S., Lung, D.C., Luk, S., Chan, K.-H., Chan, J.F.W., Cheng, V.C.C., Woo, P.C.Y., and Yuen, K.-Y. (2017). First Report of a Fatal Case Associated with EV-D68 Infection in Hong Kong and Emergence of an Interclade Recombinant in China Revealed by Genome Analysis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18051065"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25147","DOI":"10.1038\/srep25147","article-title":"Enterovirus D68 Infections Associated with Severe Respiratory Illness in Elderly Patients and Emergence of a Novel Clade in Hong Kong","volume":"6","author":"Lau","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30403","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2016.21.46.30403","article-title":"Outbreak of enterovirus D68 of the new B3 lineage in Stockholm, Sweden, August to September 2016","volume":"21","author":"Dyrdak","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2301.161313","article-title":"Upsurge of Enterovirus D68, the Netherlands, 2016","volume":"23","author":"Knoester","year":"2017","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-016-0678-0","article-title":"Acute flaccid myelitis associated with enterovirus-D68 infection in an otherwise healthy child","volume":"14","author":"Esposito","year":"2017","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1242","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-01349-4","article-title":"Enterovirus D68 Subclade B3 Strain Circulating and Causing an Outbreak in the United States in 2016","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15223","DOI":"10.1038\/srep15223","article-title":"Whole-Genome Sequence Analysis Reveals the Enterovirus D68 Isolates during the United States 2014 Outbreak Mainly Belong to a Novel Clade","volume":"5","author":"Huang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1007\/s11908-018-0641-x","article-title":"Acute Flaccid Paralysis and Enteroviral Infections","volume":"20","author":"Bitnun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Infect. Dis. Rep."},{"key":"ref_114","first-page":"798","article-title":"Severe Respiratory Illness Associated with Enterovirus D68\u2014Missouri and Illinois, 2014","volume":"63","author":"Midgley","year":"2014","journal-title":"MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2018.01.008","article-title":"Recommendations for enterovirus diagnostics and characterisation within and beyond Europe","volume":"101","author":"Harvala","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.663","article-title":"Mechanisms of genetic variation in polioviruses","volume":"20","author":"Blomqvist","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanju\u00e1n, R. (2012). From Molecular Genetics to Phylodynamics: Evolutionary Relevance of Mutation Rates Across Viruses. PLoS Pathog., 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002685"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Wang, J., Guo, W., Wang, H., Zhu, S., Wang, D., Bai, R., Li, X., Yan, D., and Wang, H. (2011). Emergence and Transmission Pathways of Rapidly Evolving Evolutionary Branch C4a Strains of Human Enterovirus 71 in the Central Plain of China. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0027895"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, W., Wu, S., Xiong, Y., Li, T., Wen, Z., Yan, M., Qin, K., Liu, Y., and Wu, J. (2014). Co-Circulation and Genomic Recombination of Coxsackievirus A16 and Enterovirus 71 during a Large Outbreak of Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease in Central China. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0096051"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-7-94","article-title":"An emerging recombinant human enterovirus 71 responsible for the 2008 outbreak of Hand Foot and Mouth Disease in Fuyang city of China","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/S1684-1182(10)60016-3","article-title":"Comparison of Clinical Features Between Coxsackievirus A2 and Enterovirus 71 During the Enterovirus Outbreak in Taiwan, 2008: A Children\u2019s Hospital Experience","volume":"43","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Immunol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, Q.-B., Zhang, X.-A., Wo, Y., Xu, H.-M., Li, X.-J., Wang, X.-J., Ding, S.-J., Chen, X.-D., He, C., and Liu, L.-J. (2012). Circulation of Coxsackievirus A10 and A6 in Hand-Foot-Mouth Disease in China, 2009\u20132011. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0052073"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2109","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02109-08","article-title":"Transmission Networks and Population Turnover of Echovirus 30","volume":"83","author":"Leitch","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Machado, R.S., Ferreira, J.L., Alves, J.C.S., Bandeira, R.S., Lemos, P.S., Filho, L.C.F., Cardoso, J.F., Vianez-Junior, J.L.S.G., and Tavares, F.N. (2019). Nearly Complete Genome Sequences of Enterovirus 96 and Enterovirus 99 Strains Isolated in the Northern Region of Brazil. Microbiol. Resour. Announc., 8.","DOI":"10.1128\/MRA.00549-19"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Tan, X., Cui, A., Mao, N., Xu, S., Zhu, Z., Zhou, J., Shi, J., Zhao, Y., and Wang, X. (2013). Complete Genome Analysis of the C4 Subgenotype Strains of Enterovirus 71: Predominant Recombination C4 Viruses Persistently Circulating in China for 14 Years. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0056341"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9292","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00783-10","article-title":"Evolutionary Dynamics and Temporal\/Geographical Correlates of Recombination in the Human Enterovirus Echovirus Types 9, 11, and 30","volume":"84","author":"Leitch","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.060004-0","article-title":"Recombination strategies and evolutionary dynamics of the Human enterovirus A global gene pool","volume":"95","author":"Lukashev","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10960","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.76.21.10960-10971.2002","article-title":"Recombination of Poliovirus RNA Proceeds in Mixed Replication Complexes Originating from Distinct Replication Start Sites","volume":"76","author":"Egger","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(86)90600-8","article-title":"The mechanism of RNA recombination in poliovirus","volume":"47","author":"Kirkegaard","year":"1986","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(99)01282-X","article-title":"The puzzle of RNA recombination","volume":"460","author":"Chetverin","year":"1999","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8958","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.73.11.8958-8965.1999","article-title":"Nonreplicative RNA Recombination in Poliovirus","volume":"73","author":"Gmyl","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/s11262-014-1152-y","article-title":"Recombination among human non-polio enteroviruses: Implications for epidemiology and evolution","volume":"50","author":"Kyriakopoulou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Virus Genes"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muslin, C., Joffret, M.-L., Pelletier, I., Blondel, B., and Delpeyroux, F. (2015). Evolution and Emergence of Enteroviruses through Intra- and Inter-species Recombination: Plasticity and Phenotypic Impact of Modular Genetic Exchanges in the 5\u2032 Untranslated Region. PLoS Pathog., 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005266"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9047","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00698-10","article-title":"Human Enterovirus 109: A Novel Interspecies Recombinant Enterovirus Isolated from a Case of Acute Pediatric Respiratory Illness in Nicaragua","volume":"84","author":"Yozwiak","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8741","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.73.10.8741-8749.1999","article-title":"Evidence of Recombination among Enteroviruses","volume":"73","author":"Santti","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martin, D.P., Murrell, B., Golden, M., Khoosal, A., and Muhire, B. (2015). RDP4: Detection and analysis of recombination patterns in virus genomes. Virus Evol., 1.","DOI":"10.1093\/ve\/vev003"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3150","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bts565","article-title":"CD-HIT: Accelerated for clustering the next-generation sequencing data","volume":"28","author":"Fu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yoke-Fun, C., and Abubakar, S. (2006). Phylogenetic evidence for inter-typic recombination in the emergence of human enterovirus 71 subgenotypes. BMC Microbiol., 6.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-6-74"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Majumdar, M., Sharif, S., Klapsa, D., Wilton, T., Alam, M.M., Fernandez-Garcia, M.D., Rehman, L., Mujtaba, G., McAllister, G., and Harvala, H. (2018). Environmental Surveillance Reveals Complex Enterovirus Circulation Patterns in Human Populations. Open Forum Infect. Dis., 5.","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofy250"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D593","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkr859","article-title":"ViPR: An open bioinformatics database and analysis resource for virology research","volume":"40","author":"Pickett","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bo, Y.-C., Song, C., Wang, J.-F., and Li, X.-W. (2014). Using an autologistic regression model to identify spatial risk factors and spatial risk patterns of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in Mainland China. BMC Public Health, 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-14-358"},{"key":"ref_142","first-page":"1","article-title":"Enterovirus surveillance\u2014United States, 1970\u20132005","volume":"55","author":"Khetsuriani","year":"2006","journal-title":"MMWR Surveil. Summ."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3339","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01019-09","article-title":"Evolutionary Genetics of Human Enterovirus 71: Origin, Population Dynamics, Natural Selection, and Seasonal Periodicity of the VP1 Gene","volume":"84","author":"Tee","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1952","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.043935-0","article-title":"Worldwide emergence of multiple clades of enterovirus 68","volume":"93","author":"Tokarz","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2014.12.033","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of echoviruses 11 and 30 in Russia: Different properties of genotypes within an enterovirus serotype","volume":"30","author":"Yarmolskaya","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3928","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.37.12.3928-3933.1999","article-title":"Molecular Epidemiology and Genetic Diversity of Echovirus Type 30 (E30): Genotypes Correlate with Temporal Dynamics of E30 Isolation","volume":"37","author":"Oberste","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1007\/s007050170160","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of echovirus 30 in Europe: Succession of dominant sublineages within a single major genotype","volume":"146","author":"Savolainen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brown, B.A., Nix, W.A., Sheth, M., Frace, M., and Oberste, M.S. (2014). Seven Strains of Enterovirus D68 Detected in the United States during the 2014 Severe Respiratory Disease Outbreak. Genome Announc., 2.","DOI":"10.1128\/genomeA.01201-14"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2015.07.296","article-title":"European surveillance for enterovirus D68 during the emerging North-American outbreak in 2014","volume":"71","author":"Poelman","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(15)00335-5","article-title":"Severe respiratory illness associated with a nationwide outbreak of enterovirus D68 in the USA (2014): A descriptive epidemiological investigation","volume":"3","author":"Midgley","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0908.030190","article-title":"Acute Hemorrhagic Conjunctivitis Caused by Coxsackievirus A24 Variant, South Korea, 2002","volume":"9","author":"Oh","year":"2003","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3078","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1721159115","article-title":"The seasonality of nonpolio enteroviruses in the United States: Patterns and drivers","volume":"115","author":"Oberste","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, B., Liu, F., Liao, Q., Wu, P., Chang, Z., Huang, J., Long, L., Luo, L., Li, Y., and Leung, G.M. (2017). Epidemiology of hand, foot and mouth disease in China, 2008 to 2015 prior to the introduction of EV-A71 vaccine. Eurosurveillance, 22.","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2017.22.50.16-00824"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Podin, Y., Gias, E.L., Ong, F., Leong, Y.W., Yee, S.F., Yusof, M.A., Perera, D., Teo, B., Wee, T.-Y., and Yao, S.-K. (2006). Sentinel surveillance for human enterovirus 71 in Sarawak, Malaysia: Lessons from the first 7 years. BMC Public Health, 6.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-6-180"},{"key":"ref_155","unstructured":"National Institute of Infectious Diseases (2019, March 28). Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease in Japan, 2002\u20132011. Available online: https:\/\/www.niid.go.jp\/niid\/en\/basic-science\/865-iasr\/1735-tpc385.html."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2159","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268813003221","article-title":"Aseptic meningitis outbreak caused by echovirus 30 in two regions in Bulgaria, May\u2013August 2012","volume":"142","author":"Mladenova","year":"2014","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-9-38","article-title":"Epidemics of viral meningitis caused by echovirus 6 and 30 in Korea in 2008","volume":"9","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1651","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-017-2979-7","article-title":"Comparison of clinical and laboratory characteristics during two major paediatric meningitis outbreaks of echovirus 30 and other non-polio enteroviruses in Germany in 2008 and 2013","volume":"36","author":"Rudolph","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brinkman, N.E., Fout, G.S., and Keely, S.P. (2017). Retrospective Surveillance of Wastewater To Examine Seasonal Dynamics of Enterovirus Infections. mSphere, 2.","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00099-17"},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-017-0846-x","article-title":"Non-polio enteroviruses in faeces of children diagnosed with acute flaccid paralysis in Nigeria","volume":"14","author":"Faleye","year":"2017","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2014.01.002","article-title":"Molecular typing and characterization of a new serotype of human enterovirus (EV-B111) identified in China","volume":"183","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9256056","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/9256056","article-title":"Comparison of Algorithms for the Detection of Enteroviruses in Stool Specimens from Children Diagnosed with Acute Flaccid Paralysis","volume":"2017","author":"Adeniji","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1858","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2110.150759","article-title":"Acute Flaccid Paralysis Associated with Novel Enterovirus C105","volume":"21","author":"Horner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maan, H.S., Dhole, T.N., and Chowdhary, R. (2019). Identification and characterization of nonpolio enterovirus associated with nonpolio-acute flaccid paralysis in polio endemic state of Uttar Pradesh, Northern India. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0208902"},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2017.05.017","article-title":"An enhanced Enterovirus surveillance system allows identification and characterization of rare and emerging respiratory enteroviruses in Denmark, 2015\u20132016","volume":"93","author":"Barnadas","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.000737","article-title":"Abundance of enterovirus C in RD-L20B cell culture-negative stool samples from acute flaccid paralysis cases in Nigeria is geographically defined","volume":"67","author":"Donbraye","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."}],"container-title":["Microorganisms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/8\/12\/1856\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:37:07Z","timestamp":1760179027000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/8\/12\/1856"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,25]]},"references-count":166,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["microorganisms8121856"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms8121856","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2607"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2607","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,25]]}}}