{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T17:18:14Z","timestamp":1792171094862,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,30]],"date-time":"2020-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606694400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001321","name":"National Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UID87310; UID112459"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID87310; UID112459"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001321","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The presence of antibiotic-resistant Salmonella spp. in the environment is of great public health interest, worldwide. Furthermore, its extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase (ESBL)-producing strains constitute an emerging global health concern due to their limited treatment options in hospital. Therefore, this study aimed at characterising and tracking nonresistant and ESBL\u2013producing Salmonella spp. from agricultural settings to nearby water sources highlighting their antibiotic resistance genes (ARG) and virulence factor (VF) distribution using a combination of both culture-dependent and independent methods. Furthermore, this study investigated the diversity and shared serovars among sampled matrices using amplicon sequencing of the invasion gene A (invA) of Salmonella spp. The results showed that soil had the highest prevalence of Salmonella spp. (62.5%, 65\/104) and ESBL-producing Salmonella (34.6%, 36\/104). For typed ARG, the most commonly detected gene was blaOXA with 75% (30\/40), followed by blaCTX-M 67.5% (27\/40),blaTEM 40% (16\/40) and sul1 30% (12\/40) gene; blaSHV gene was not detected in isolated ESBL-producing Salmonella spp. For VF, the most detected gene was invA (96.9%, 38\/40), followed by spaM (17.5%, 7\/40), spiC (40%, 16\/40), orfL (32.5%, 13\/40), misL 32.5% (13\/40) and pipD 32.5 (13\/40). For diversity analysis, soil, manure, irrigation water and nearby freshwater revealed 81, 68, 12 and 9 serovars, respectively. Soil, manure, irrigation water and freshwater stream samples shared five serovars, which indicated circulation of ESBL-producing Salmonella spp. within the agricultural environment and nearby water sources. Soil is therefore identified as one of the major reservoirs of ESBL-producing Salmonella spp. It is concluded that agricultural environment contamination may have a direct relationship with the presence of antibiotic-producing Salmonella in freshwater streams.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8121898","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,30]],"date-time":"2020-11-30T10:26:12Z","timestamp":1606731972000},"page":"1898","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Shared Extended-Spectrum \u03b2-Lactamase-Producing Salmonella Serovars between Agricultural and Aquatic Environments Revealed through invA Amplicon Sequencing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Cecilia Mahlatse","family":"Raseala","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental, Water and Earth Sciences, Arcadia Campus, Tshwane University of Technology, Private BagX680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6881-1262","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mutshiene Deogratias","family":"Ekwanzala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental, Water and Earth Sciences, Arcadia Campus, Tshwane University of Technology, Private BagX680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3537-0354","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maggy Ndombo Benteke","family":"Momba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental, Water and Earth Sciences, Arcadia Campus, Tshwane University of Technology, Private BagX680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472-765X.2007.02133.x","article-title":"Serotyping, PCR, phage-typing and antibiotic sensitivity testing of Salmonella serovars isolated from urban drinking water supply systems of Nepal","volume":"44","author":"Bhatta","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lett. 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