{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T22:16:17Z","timestamp":1782857777664,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,5]],"date-time":"2020-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1607126400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"German Federal Ministry of Education and Research","award":["FKZ 13N13983"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FKZ 13N13983"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Francisella tularensis is the causative agent of the zoonotic disease tularemia. In Germany, most human infections are caused by contact with infected hares. The aim of this study was to characterize Francisella tularensis subsp. holarctica strains isolated from hares in Germany and to develop bioinformatics tools to analyze their genetic relatedness. In total, 257 German isolates\u2014obtained mainly from hares (n = 233), other vertebrate animals, and ticks, but also from humans (n = 3)\u2014were analyzed within this study. Publically available sequence data from 49 isolates were used to put our isolates into an epidemiological context and to compare isolates from natural foci and humans. Whole-genome sequences were analyzed using core-genome Multi-Locus-Sequence-Typing, canonical Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) typing and whole-genome SNP typing. An overall conformity of genotype clustering between the typing methods was found, albeit with a lower resolution for canonical single SNP typing. The subclade distribution, both on local and national levels, among strains from humans and hares was similar, suggesting circulation of the same genotypes both in animals and humans. Whilst close to identical isolates of the same subclade were found distributed over large areas, small geographical foci often harbored members of different subclades. In conclusion, although genomic high-resolution typing was shown to be robust, reproducible and allowed the identification of highly closely related strains, genetic profiling alone is not always conclusive for epidemiological linkage of F. tularensis strains.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8121932","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,6]],"date-time":"2020-12-06T22:27:12Z","timestamp":1607293632000},"page":"1932","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Genotyping of Francisella tularensis subsp. holarctica from Hares in Germany"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"J\u00f6rg","family":"Linde","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 07743 Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8135-3814","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Timo","family":"Homeier-Bachmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Epidemiology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6737-5681","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra","family":"Dangel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bayerisches Landesamt f\u00fcr Gesundheit und Lebensmittelsicherheit, 85764 Oberschlei\u00dfheim, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0767-5217","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia M.","family":"Riehm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bayerisches Landesamt f\u00fcr Gesundheit und Lebensmittelsicherheit, 85764 Oberschlei\u00dfheim, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Sundell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CBRN Defence and Security, Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI), SE-901 82 Ume\u00e5, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8489-757X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caroline","family":"\u00d6hrman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CBRN Defence and Security, Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI), SE-901 82 Ume\u00e5, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4466-5325","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mats","family":"Forsman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CBRN Defence and Security, Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI), SE-901 82 Ume\u00e5, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Herbert","family":"Tomaso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 07743 Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.15.4.631-646.2002","article-title":"Tularemia","volume":"15","author":"Oyston","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. 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