{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T09:04:16Z","timestamp":1790413456988,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,11]],"date-time":"2020-12-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1607644800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004794","name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["INSB"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INSB"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004794","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008551","name":"Fondation M\u00e9rieux","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["M\u00e9rieux Research Grant"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["M\u00e9rieux Research Grant"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008551","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>An increasing amount of evidence indicates a relatively high prevalence of superinfections associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), including invasive aspergillosis, but the underlying mechanisms remain to be characterized. In the present study, to better understand the biological impact of superinfection, we determine and compare the host transcriptional response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) versus Aspergillus superinfection, using a model of reconstituted human airway epithelium. Our analyses reveal that both simple infection and superinfection induce strong deregulation of core components of innate immune and inflammatory responses, with a stronger response to superinfection in the bronchial epithelial model compared to its nasal counterpart. Our results also highlight unique transcriptional footprints of SARS-CoV-2 Aspergillus superinfection, such as an imbalanced type I\/type III IFN, and an induction of several monocyte and neutrophil associated chemokines, that could be useful for the understanding of Aspergillus-associated COVID-19 and also the management of severe forms of aspergillosis in this specific context.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8121974","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,13]],"date-time":"2020-12-13T20:56:57Z","timestamp":1607893017000},"page":"1974","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Transcriptional Profiling of Immune and Inflammatory Responses in the Context of SARS-CoV-2 Fungal Superinfection in a Human Airway Epithelial Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3227-743X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claire","family":"Nicolas de Lamballerie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, (Team VirPath), Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Universit\u00e9 Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0918-6804","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9s","family":"Pizzorno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, (Team VirPath), Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Universit\u00e9 Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2427-5207","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julien","family":"Fouret","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Signia Therapeutics SAS, F-69008 Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lea","family":"Szpiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, (Team VirPath), Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Universit\u00e9 Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2159-6507","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Blandine","family":"Padey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, (Team VirPath), Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Universit\u00e9 Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, 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Lyon, F-69008 Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aur\u00e9lien","family":"Traversier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, (Team VirPath), Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Universit\u00e9 Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victoria","family":"Duli\u00e8re","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, (Team VirPath), Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Universit\u00e9 Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France"},{"name":"VirNext, Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine RTH Laennec, Universit\u00e9 Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Universit\u00e9 de Lyon, F-69008 Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pauline","family":"Brun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, (Team VirPath), Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Universit\u00e9 Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France"},{"name":"VirNext, Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine RTH Laennec, Universit\u00e9 Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Universit\u00e9 de Lyon, F-69008 Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruno","family":"Lina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, (Team VirPath), Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Universit\u00e9 Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France"},{"name":"Laboratoire de Virologie, Centre National de R\u00e9f\u00e9rence des virus Influenza Sud, Institut des Agents Infectieux, Groupement Hospitalier Nord, Hospices Civils de Lyon, F-69004 Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Rosa-Calatrava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, (Team VirPath), Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Universit\u00e9 Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France"},{"name":"VirNext, Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine RTH Laennec, Universit\u00e9 Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Universit\u00e9 de Lyon, F-69008 Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9393-7684","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olivier","family":"Terrier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, (Team VirPath), Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Universit\u00e9 Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, 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